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Topic 6 (Excavation (Purpose) (Stripping (Bulldozer (For stripping and…

- - - - For stripping and road way excavation
  - - - Such as
        
        Underground carparks
        
        Shopping Areas
    - - Have longer excavator arm can be used to reach two to three levels of basement.
  - - - Purpose
        
        Constructing strip foundation
        
        Water/Sewer/Gas Pipe
        
        Laying of cables
- - - - Topsoil
        
        Can be stocked piled
        
        Restored to the sit for landscaping to support growth of vegetation to control erosion
  - - - Embankment for roads
      - Excavation
    - - Strip and spread the earth
  - - - 0.5m^3 and above
      - Shale(formed from the compression of layers of clay for over may years and under high pressures
  - - - Diamond is strong!! :<3:
- - - - Manholes
      - Basement
      - Retaining walls
      - Piles Footings/Pile Cap
- - - - application of any additional load between the edge f excavation and intersection on ground surface
    - - Effect of vibrating machinery, blasting of other dynamic loads in the vicinity of the excavation
        
        Effects
        
        Dangerous in brittle materials such as clayey sand and gravel
    - - Improperly dewatered trenched in granular soil can result in quicksand condition and complete loss of soil strength or bottom heave
    - - Inreased in loads on the wall support system and reduction of shear strength of the soil
- - - - Basic forms
        
        Continuous Strip Footing
        
        Used for
        
        Large Structural Wall
        
        Isolated Footing
        
        Used for
        
        Tall Buildings or Long span structure
        
        Combined Footing
        
        Used for
        
        'L' Shaped building when isolated footing cannot be used
        
        Raft and Mat
        
        Used for
        
        Supporting several column in two or more rows
        
        Used in
        
        Soil has low bearing capacity
    - - Used
        
        When the near-surface soil is poor
      - Made
        
        Timber concrete and steel