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Geography the study of the world around us (Geographical Concept…
Geography
the study of the world around us
Geographical Concept
Environment
The living and non-living components and elements that make up an area, and the ways they are organised into a system
Geographers are interested in investigating and describing the relationships between people and the environment. They examine:
The impact of environmental hazards on people can how the impacts of these hazards can be reduced
The ways in which people change the environment and how these changes can be managed
The ways in which different groups of people perceive and use the natural environment and why these perceptions differ
Interconnection
Natural processes link places and people
Links between places and people live
Geographers use this concept to better understand the links between places and people, and how these interconnections affect the environments and the way we live
Space
Space refers to the way that things are arranged on the Earth’s surface
Geographers look for patterns in the way features and structures are arranged:
Organisation -how and why things are arranged and managed on the Earth’s surface by people
Spatial Distribution -the shapes and patterns in which things are arranged on the Earth’s surface
Location -where things are located on the Earth’s surface
Sustainability
Oil, coal, and natural gas – non-renewable (will one day run out)
Wind, forests, solar, and water – renewable (can be replaced or will replace themselves naturally)
Developing ways to ensure the Earth’s resources be used and managed responsibly so they can be maintained for future generations
Actions to improve sustainability operate at a number of levels
Local – recycling of paper by individuals
National – Australian Government has begun to encourage sustainable use of energy by offering incentives to promote the use of solar panels
International – organisations such as the Marine Stewardship Council (MSC) are working with fisheries and retailers to promote responsible and environmentally viable fishing practices around the world.
The ongoing capacity of the Earth to maintain all life
Place
Places can be natural (shaped by the environment and largely unchanged by humans) or built (constructed by humans)
Place influences our relationships and environmental and social qualities of a place influence the way we live.
A place is a part of the earth's surface that is identified and given meaning by people
Scale
Large or small
For example, something that affects a whole country, such as a severe drought, would involve a study at the national scale
Used to guide geographical enquiries
Change
Helps us to understand what is happening around us and to see the world as and to see the world as a dynamic place
Can be positive or negative
Can be the result of natural forces or human activity
Change in both time and space allows geographers to examine how environments develop, transform, or disappear
Food
food production
farms and farming
farms
farms can be classified by how large it is in relation to the amount of food or fibre that it produces
extensive farming
extensive farming is farms that require a large amount of space
intensive farming
intensive farming are farms that can produce a large volume of food and fibre in a small are
food production in Australia
farming influences by environmental factors such as temprature, soil fertility, and water
the soils in northern australia are amongst the world's oldest so they have been subject to downpours for millions of years
this leaches important minerals out of the soil
this makes intensive farming difficult or even impossible
government task forces have identified the water that lies in rock layers (aquifiers) key to expanding intensive agriculture
influencing crop yeild
crop yeild
crop yeild is the amount of crop (in Kg) that is grown per hectare and is used by farmers to measure how much they have grown
a farmer's decision will influence their crop yeild
high tech farming
precision farming
wide variations in natural features such as slopes, soil fertility, soil moisture and drainage
Food Security
Food security is a state where all people at all times have access to enough safe, nutritious food to sustain a healthy life
For a person, community or country to have a secure food supply they must have three things
Food accessibility
Knowledge and resources to use food appropriately
Food availability
People have enough food of appropriate quality available on a consistent basis
May include production, storage, distribution
Area and grid refrence
four figure area refrence
both refrences use 2 guidelines, northings and eastings. A northing is vertical and an easting is horizontal
four figure grid refrence measures exactly 1 square, e.g. on a number line, it woud measure 1, 2, or 3, not 1.2, or 3.7
A six figure grid refrence measures inside of 1 square, e.g. 1.3, 6.9, or 3.5
6-figure grid refrence
climate and biomes
Biomes
biome definition
A biome is a section on earth with similar plants and animals (flora and fauna)
about biomes
animals and plants are well adapted to the biome that they are in
pants and animals in biomes have similar charachteristics to plants and animals throughout the world, e.g. dogs and wolves
biomes in different areas
therre are biomes located throughout the word
types of biomes
there are 6 main types of biomes, consisting of: Desert, Grasslands, tropical rainforest, Boreal Forest, Tundra, Aquatic
Tropical Rainforest
Description
Several varieties of exotic plants and animals. lush green and vibrant colours
Plants (flora)
vines, palm trees, orchids, ferns. most plants hust compete for sunlight and nutrients due to their dense peoulation
Location
Near the equator, South America, Asia, Pacific Islands, Australia, New Zealand, and Africa
Animals (fauna)
life inside the wet rainforest is bustling with snakes and birds. an animal must be both smart and strong to survive in this environment
Boreal Forest
Description
also known as a "coniferious forest". regions have cold, long, snowy winters, and warm, humid summers
Plants (flora)
coniferous-evergreen trees (trees that produce cones). the trees are narrrow and grow very close together. this is so they can help protect each other from the weather
Location
canada, Europe, asaia, and america
Animals (fauna)
snow, cold and a scarcity of food make life very difficult, especially in the winte. some animals migrate south, others go into hibernation, while others simply cope with the environment
Grasslands
Description
grasslands are big and open spaces. there are not many bushes in the grassland. trees are found by rivers and streams
Plants (flora)
grasses (oats, wheat, barley, e.c.t.)
Location
Every continent except antarctica
Animals (fauna)
many large herds of grazing animals such as zebras and bison. Animals live in herds for protection, because there are few trees and bushes to camofluage themselves
Tundra
Description
coldest biome and also covers 1/5 of the earth's surface
Plants (flora)
lichens, mosses, grasses, sedges, shrubs. almost no trees due to short growing season and permafrost
Location
regions south of the ice caps in the arctic. in north america, europe, and siberia
Animals (fauna)
animals adapted to survive in this environment. some have grown thick fur which turns white in the winter
Desert
Description
Extremely hot and dry (less that 10 inches of rain per year
Plants (flora)
Cacti, small bushes,and short grasses. Desert plants are adapted to collect and store water, and reduca water loss
Location
North and South America, Africa, Middle East, Australia, and Asia
Animals (fauna)
Animalsadapted to intense heat and lack of water. some animals never drink water, insead they get water from seeds and plants they consume. many dasert animals are nocturnal, so that they do not have to combat the heat
Aquatic
Description
contains very little salt and are found on land
Plants (flora)
saltwater regions of the earth. includes oceans and coral reefs
Location
water covers around 3/4/ of the earth and can be classified as freshwater or marine
Animals (fauna)
huge variety of different plants and animals. most live in this environment for survival
tourism
the commercial orginisation and operation of holidays and visits to places of intrest
tourism is increasing due to the ability to travel to more remote spots faster and safer than before, but now tourism has decreased by a large amount because of COVID-19, or corona virus
types of tourism
domestic tourism
Domestic tourism is tourism involving residents of one country traveling only within that country
international tourism
international tourism refers to a tourism that crosses national borders
inbound tourism
inbound tourism is when a person from his/her home country travels to another country for not less than 24 hours and not more than few months. The purpose of the travel is mostly leisure and very seldom for business.
eco-tourism
impacts of eco-tourism
with increased travel, this causes cities to build more accomodation, causing geographical and environmantal damage
how to prevent effects from eco-tourism
don't build as many accomodation buildings, instead of building across, build up, spread the tourism buisness to other areas to even the damage
