Geography
the study of the world around us

Geographical Concept

Environment

Interconnection

Space

Sustainability

Place

Scale

Change

Places can be natural (shaped by the environment and largely unchanged by humans) or built (constructed by humans)

Place influences our relationships and environmental and social qualities of a place influence the way we live.

A place is a part of the earth's surface that is identified and given meaning by people

Helps us to understand what is happening around us and to see the world as and to see the world as a dynamic place

Can be positive or negative

Can be the result of natural forces or human activity

Change in both time and space allows geographers to examine how environments develop, transform, or disappear

Large or small

For example, something that affects a whole country, such as a severe drought, would involve a study at the national scale

Used to guide geographical enquiries

Oil, coal, and natural gas – non-renewable (will one day run out)

Wind, forests, solar, and water – renewable (can be replaced or will replace themselves naturally)

Developing ways to ensure the Earth’s resources be used and managed responsibly so they can be maintained for future generations

Actions to improve sustainability operate at a number of levels

The ongoing capacity of the Earth to maintain all life

Local – recycling of paper by individuals

National – Australian Government has begun to encourage sustainable use of energy by offering incentives to promote the use of solar panels

International – organisations such as the Marine Stewardship Council (MSC) are working with fisheries and retailers to promote responsible and environmentally viable fishing practices around the world.

Natural processes link places and people

Links between places and people live

Geographers use this concept to better understand the links between places and people, and how these interconnections affect the environments and the way we live

The living and non-living components and elements that make up an area, and the ways they are organised into a system

Geographers are interested in investigating and describing the relationships between people and the environment. They examine:

The impact of environmental hazards on people can how the impacts of these hazards can be reduced

The ways in which people change the environment and how these changes can be managed

The ways in which different groups of people perceive and use the natural environment and why these perceptions differ

Space refers to the way that things are arranged on the Earth’s surface

Geographers look for patterns in the way features and structures are arranged:

Organisation -how and why things are arranged and managed on the Earth’s surface by people

Spatial Distribution -the shapes and patterns in which things are arranged on the Earth’s surface

Location -where things are located on the Earth’s surface

Food

food production

Food Security

Food security is a state where all people at all times have access to enough safe, nutritious food to sustain a healthy life

For a person, community or country to have a secure food supply they must have three things

Food accessibility

Knowledge and resources to use food appropriately

Food availability

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People have enough food of appropriate quality available on a consistent basis

May include production, storage, distribution

Area and grid refrence

four figure area refrence

6-figure grid refrence

climate and biomes

farms and farming

farms

farms can be classified by how large it is in relation to the amount of food or fibre that it produces

extensive farming

intensive farming

extensive farming is farms that require a large amount of space

intensive farming are farms that can produce a large volume of food and fibre in a small are

food production in Australia

farming influences by environmental factors such as temprature, soil fertility, and water

the soils in northern australia are amongst the world's oldest so they have been subject to downpours for millions of years

this leaches important minerals out of the soil

this makes intensive farming difficult or even impossible

government task forces have identified the water that lies in rock layers (aquifiers) key to expanding intensive agriculture

influencing crop yeild

crop yeild

crop yeild is the amount of crop (in Kg) that is grown per hectare and is used by farmers to measure how much they have grown

a farmer's decision will influence their crop yeild

high tech farming

precision farming

wide variations in natural features such as slopes, soil fertility, soil moisture and drainage

tourism

the commercial orginisation and operation of holidays and visits to places of intrest

tourism is increasing due to the ability to travel to more remote spots faster and safer than before, but now tourism has decreased by a large amount because of COVID-19, or corona virus

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types of tourism

domestic tourism

international tourism

inbound tourism

international tourism refers to a tourism that crosses national borders

inbound tourism is when a person from his/her home country travels to another country for not less than 24 hours and not more than few months. The purpose of the travel is mostly leisure and very seldom for business.

Domestic tourism is tourism involving residents of one country traveling only within that country

eco-tourism

impacts of eco-tourism

with increased travel, this causes cities to build more accomodation, causing geographical and environmantal damage

how to prevent effects from eco-tourism

don't build as many accomodation buildings, instead of building across, build up, spread the tourism buisness to other areas to even the damage

both refrences use 2 guidelines, northings and eastings. A northing is vertical and an easting is horizontal

four figure grid refrence measures exactly 1 square, e.g. on a number line, it woud measure 1, 2, or 3, not 1.2, or 3.7 image

A six figure grid refrence measures inside of 1 square, e.g. 1.3, 6.9, or 3.5 image

Biomes

biome definition

A biome is a section on earth with similar plants and animals (flora and fauna)

about biomes

animals and plants are well adapted to the biome that they are in

pants and animals in biomes have similar charachteristics to plants and animals throughout the world, e.g. dogs and wolves

biomes in different areas

therre are biomes located throughout the word

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types of biomes

there are 6 main types of biomes, consisting of: Desert, Grasslands, tropical rainforest, Boreal Forest, Tundra, Aquatic

Tropical Rainforest

Boreal Forest

Grasslands

Tundra

Desert

Aquatic

Description

Plants (flora)

Location

Animals (fauna)

Description

Plants (flora)

Location

Animals (fauna)

Description

Plants (flora)

Location

Animals (fauna)

Description

Plants (flora)

Location

Animals (fauna)

Description

Plants (flora)

Location

Animals (fauna)

Description

Plants (flora)

Location

Animals (fauna)

huge variety of different plants and animals. most live in this environment for survival

saltwater regions of the earth. includes oceans and coral reefs

contains very little salt and are found on land

water covers around 3/4/ of the earth and can be classified as freshwater or marine

animals adapted to survive in this environment. some have grown thick fur which turns white in the winter

lichens, mosses, grasses, sedges, shrubs. almost no trees due to short growing season and permafrost

coldest biome and also covers 1/5 of the earth's surface

regions south of the ice caps in the arctic. in north america, europe, and siberia

snow, cold and a scarcity of food make life very difficult, especially in the winte. some animals migrate south, others go into hibernation, while others simply cope with the environment

coniferous-evergreen trees (trees that produce cones). the trees are narrrow and grow very close together. this is so they can help protect each other from the weather

also known as a "coniferious forest". regions have cold, long, snowy winters, and warm, humid summers

canada, Europe, asaia, and america

life inside the wet rainforest is bustling with snakes and birds. an animal must be both smart and strong to survive in this environment

vines, palm trees, orchids, ferns. most plants hust compete for sunlight and nutrients due to their dense peoulation

Several varieties of exotic plants and animals. lush green and vibrant colours

Near the equator, South America, Asia, Pacific Islands, Australia, New Zealand, and Africa

many large herds of grazing animals such as zebras and bison. Animals live in herds for protection, because there are few trees and bushes to camofluage themselves

grasses (oats, wheat, barley, e.c.t.)

grasslands are big and open spaces. there are not many bushes in the grassland. trees are found by rivers and streams

Every continent except antarctica

Animalsadapted to intense heat and lack of water. some animals never drink water, insead they get water from seeds and plants they consume. many dasert animals are nocturnal, so that they do not have to combat the heat

Extremely hot and dry (less that 10 inches of rain per year

Cacti, small bushes,and short grasses. Desert plants are adapted to collect and store water, and reduca water loss

North and South America, Africa, Middle East, Australia, and Asia