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Reconstruction (1868 election (Horatio Seymour vs Ulysses S Grant (Grant…

- - - - Freedmen's bureau
        
        The Freedmen's bureau divided up old confiscated confederate land and distributed it out to former slaves
        
        However, President Johnson ordered that all land was returned to its former owners
        
        Therefore, the South remained largely agricultural, with the same white southern elitists owning the same land, and so in the end, a system called sharecropping emerged which looked little different to the previous system of slavery
        
        Landowners would provide housing to the sharecroppers, as well as tools and seeds, and in return the sharecroppers received a share of their crop
        
        This was a very similar system to slavery, as the freed black people couldn't easily leave, because they had no land and earned no money to afford to leave, so the white plantation owners had a steady workforce
        
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        By the 1860s, poor white farmers also started to become sharecroppers
        
        1867-1868 - the period of Congressional Reconstruction (under Johnson)
        
        Republicans wanted to expand the power of the federal government and wanted to bring equal rights to all
        
        Radical Republicans led by Thaddeus Stevens wanted to take away land from the Southern planters and give it to the former slaves
        
        Congress pass the Civil Rights Bill in 1866 which defined citizens of the United States as anyone born in the USA
        
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        Congress pass the 14th Amendment to define citizenship, guarantee equal protection from the law
        
        Congress refused to seat the Southern all-white governments that Johnson supported, and therefore there were very few Democrats in congress, and thus Congress was almost entirely filled with angry Republicans who opposed Johnson - Johnson had almost no support in congress
        
        The South resented the Republicans for taking away their slaves, so Southern States passed Black Codes, which were laws that limited the rights of African Americans
        
        In 1867, over Johnson's veto, Congress passed the Reconstruction Act, which divided the south into 5 military districts and required each former confederate state to create a new government that included the participation of black men. The new governments had to ratify the 14th Amendment in order to reenter back into the union
        
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        Republicans in Congress were not happy that the reconstructed South looked so much like the pre-Civil war South, so they took the lead in Reconstruction after 1867, starting the period of congressional reconstruction
        
        This was very important as for slaves, land ownership was the key to freedom, as it gave them the opportunity to earn money and work their own plot of land, as they did not have to depend on plantation owners to provide them with somewhere to stay and land to work
        
        established primary and secondary schools for black Americans
  - - - Lynchings and beatings to intimidate people into not voting
      - Colfax massacre in Louisiana 1873 - 150 black men murdered by white southerners