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A 22-year old male bodybuilder has come to the hospital because he…

- - - - limited or no production of testosterone causes testicular shrinkage
    - - hair loss
      - development of breast
      - organ damage
      - infertility
  - - - this tells the brain to stop producing testosterone because of high levels
        
        elevated levels of testosterone also cause down regulation of the receptors
- - - - Proteins
        
        made of amino-acid chains
      - Biogenic amines (except thyroid hormone)
        
        derived from amino-acid that is modified
      - Interaction with target cells
        
        unable to cross plasma membrane
        
        hormone binds to plasma membrane receptor
        
        series of biochemical events occur across membrane called signal transduction pathway
        
        the hormone becomes the first messenger
        
        binding to the receptor becomes the second messenger
        
        1 more item...
    - - Steroids
        
        formed from cholesterol
      - Interaction with target cells
        
        diffuse across plasma membrane
        
        bind to intracellular receptors located in cytosol or nucleus
        
        forms hormone-receptor complex
        
        hormone-receptor complex formed with target cell binds to DNA sequence in regions of chromatin call hormone-response elements
        
        transcription of mRNA occurs
        
        1 more item...
  - - - Pituitary gland (anterior)
        
        Follicle-stimulating hormone
        
        controls development of both ooctye and ovarian follicle within ovaries
        
        Luteinizing hormone
        
        induces ovulation
        
        Andrenocorticotropic hormone
        
        stimulates adrenal cortex to release cortisol
        
        Thyroid-stimulating hormone
        
        stimulates thyroid gland to release thyroid hormone
        
        Prolactin
        
        regulates mammary gland growth
        
        Growth hormone
        
        induces growth
      - Pituitary gland (posterior)
        
        Antidiuretic Hormone
        
        decreases urine output
        
        Oxytocin
        
        contraction of smooth muscle in the uterus
    - - melatonin
        
        regulates sleep-wake cycle
    - - T3- Triiodothyronine and T4- Tetraiodothyronine
        
        increases metabolic rate
      - calcitonin
        
        decreases blood calcium levels
    - - parathyroid hormone
        
        increases blood calcium levels
    - - Adrenal cortex
        
        Aldosterone
        
        regulates blood Na+ and K+ levels
        
        Cortisol
        
        stress response
        
        Androgen
        
        maturation of reproductive system
      - Adrenal medulla
        
        Epinephrine and norepinephrine
        
        fight or flight response
  - - - a stimulus causes an action in the body that is the opposite of the stimulus
    - - a stimulus is reinforced to continue in the same direction
  - - - The process in which a target cell increases the amount of receptors
      - prevents understimulation
      - helps to maintain a normal cellular response
    - - The process in which a target cell decreases the amount of receptors it has
      - prevents over-stimulation
      - helps to maintain a normal cellular response
  - - - GnRH stimulates anterior pituitary
        
        FSH(follicle-stimulating hormone) and LH (luteinizing hormone) are released
        
        these hormones act on gonads to stimulate development of sperm and cause the testes to release testosterone
- - - - can lead to the kidneys not working at all
        
        body fills with extra water and waste
        
        can cause seizures or coma
    - - liver becomes inflamed
        
        fibrosis occurs
        
        diminished blood flow
        
        cirrhosis occurs
        
        complete liver failure
        
        liver cancer
    - - heart has to work harder to pump blood
        
        can lead to heart attack
        
        heart muscles become weak
    - - can lead to heart disease and stroke
    - - can lead to build up of plaque in the blood vessels
        
        increased risk of heart attack
        
        increased risk of stroke
        
        increased risk of peripheral artery disease
    - - increased sex drive
      - decreased sex drive
      - erection problems
    - - decreased or stopped sperm production
  - - - mood swings
      - restlessness
      - loss of appetite
      - craving for steroids
      - feelings of anxiety or apathy