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Chapter 11 Energy Metabolism: Respiration (Types of Respiration (Aerobic…

- - - - oxygen eliminates the problem using pyruvate
    - - Uses NADH
        
        NADH Shuttle
        
        crosses mitocohndrial matrix
        
        new NADH molecules are powered
      - passes electrons through flavin mononucleotide
      - returns NAD+ to citric acid cycle
    - - Same in anerobic
      - continuous with oxygen available
    - - uses the pyruvate from glycolysis'
        same glycolysis performed
      - aka Krebs cycle
      - aka tricarboxylic acid cycle
      - the process
        
        pyruvate
        
        CO2 and NADH produced
        
        Acetyl
        
        Attaches to carrier molecule
        
        Coenzyme A
        
        forms Acetyl CoA
        
        transfers to a 4 carbon
        
        forms citrate
        
        1 more item...
        
        called oxaloacetate
        
        produces little ATP and many NADHs
  - - - reverse of gluconegenesis
      - Process of Glycolysis
        
        Glucose
        
        glucose 6-phosphate
        
        fructose-6-phosphate
        
        fructose-1,6 bisphosphate
        
        dihydroxyaceton phosphate
        
        3- phosphoglyceraldehyde
        
        5 more items...
        
        ATP used
        
        ATP used
        
        reverse process occurring in the stroma
      - Net production of 2 ATP
  - - - lithotrophic heterotrophs
        
        consume carbon
        
        use all energy for growth and reproduction
        
        almost impossible to starve to death
      - lithotrophic autotrophs
        
        use a Ph gradient for energy metabolism
        
        ion bacteria
    - - most other bacteria
      - animals
    - - NADPH isn't abundant
      - carbohydrates are abundant
    - - plants
      - green bacteria
      - caynobacteria
      - purple bacteria
- - - - roots perform anaerobic respiration for the short period roots undergo anaerobic respiration
      - floods kill roots
  - - - secretion of glands
      - production of fruit
- - - - 1-2 used to initiate
      - NAD+
    - - 1 Pyruvate
      - Acetyl CoA
    - - 6 NADH
      - 2 FADH2
    - - Depends of molecule drawn off
      - 2-6 NADH
  - - - Glycolysis
        
        2 pyruvates
        
        Glycolysis forms 2 ATP
        
        NADH
      - Krebs Cycle
        
        2 FADH2
        
        2 ATP
        
        6 NADH
      - electron transport chain
        
        up to 34 ATP
        
        NAD
    - - glycolysis froms 2
      - pyruvate is fermented
    - - NAD+
      - 0-12 ATP
- - - - Vitis vinfera
      - grapes are the main fruit
        
        skins used are red
        
        skins removed are white
    - - if oxygen enters the wine turns to vinegar
      - ethanol instead of acetic acid
      - the longer the more concentration
  - - - ethanol evaporated to separate from water
      - #
    - - Wiskey
        
        American
        
        corn, rye, wheat
      - whiskie
        
        European
        
        malted barely
      - Brandy
        
        grapes
        
        fruits
      - rum
        
        molasses
      - tequila
        
        agave plants
        
        contains mescal
  - - - pregnant mothers affects placenta
      - can lead to alcoholism
  - - - grains are germinated
      - converts starch to sugars
      - seed root is used to make malt
        
        malt is mixed with water
        
        hops are added for less sweetness
    - - depends on starch thats fermented
      - depends on length of process
    - - higher alcohol concentration
      - fermented 4 times as long