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Eye and Endocrine System Gilbert Perez Period:4 (Endocrine system (Major…
Eye and Endocrine System
Gilbert Perez
Period:4
Eye
Diseases/Disorders
Chalazion a sty of painful inflammation of the sebaceous glands at the eyelash base
Pinkeye a conjunctival infection caused by bacteria that results in reddened irritated eyes that’s highly contagious
Diplopia where two images are seen instead of one resulting from paralysis of extrinsic muscle weakness. Which can cause strabismus where one can become blind
Glaucoma where drainage of aqueous humor is blocked and can cause blindness if not treated quickly
Cataract where the lens is clouded and makes the world appear distorted. Most result from age, diabetes miletus, or heavy smoking
Myopia makes a person near sighted unable to see long distances due to the focus of the retina. Hyperpia is being farsighted unable to see close distances and happens when rays focus behind the retina
Structures and their functions
Superior oblique/rectus
extrinsic muscles that move the eye up
Blind spot
lack of sight receptors to make images
Optic nerve
takes images and transmits them through electrical impulses to the brain
Iris
controls the pupil and the amount of light that enters it
Inferior oblique/rectus
extrinsic muscles that move the eye down
Cones
Perceives color
Ciliary Muscles
attaches to lens and control its size
Cornea
helos focus images and protects the iris
Rods
helps see in dim light
Lateral/Medial rectus
extrinsic muscles that move the eye side to side
Vitreous Humor
fluid that helps maintain eye shape and fills central cavity
Fat Tissue
protects and cushions the eye
Tapetum Lucidum
reflects light to retina in dark. Not in humans
Sclera
tough outer covering of eye that shapes and protects it
Retina
where sight receptors make images
Pupil
enlarges or constructs depending on the amount of light
Aqueous Humor
fluid that helps retain the corneas shape
Lens
focuses images to the retina
Choroid layer
houses blood vessels to bring oxygen and nutrients to the eye
Endocrine system
Major Functions
Controls growth and development, reproduction, mobilized the body defense, and regulated the metabolism
Major Glands and their Hormones
Parathyroid gland
Parathyroid Hormone
Targets the kidney and skeletal intestine to regulate calcium levels;increases them
Pineal Gland
Melatonin
Targets the brain to regulate puberty and influence mood
Thyroid Gland
Thyroid Hormone
Targets the cells in the body to increase body heat and the metabolism, maintaining blood pressure, and regulating growth and development
Calcitonin
Targets the bones and kidneys to regulate calcium and phosphate
Ovaries
Estrogen
Targets the ovaries, uterus, vagina, and mammary glands to promote breast development, the menstrual cycle, and the growth egg follicle
Progesterone
Targets the ovaries, uterus, and mammary glands to thicken linings of the egg
Posterior Pituitary
Oxytocin
Targets the uterus and breast. Functions for milk ejection, imitating labor, and stimulation of the uterine
Antidiuretic Hormone
Targets kidneys and reaborbs water from uterine back to the blood
Thymus
Thymosin
Targets the lymphatic system to protect the development of T cell and the immune system
Anterior Pituitary
Adrenocorticotropic Hormone
Targets adrenal cortex and released androgens
Prolactin
Targets breast secretory tissue and makes it lactation
Thyroid-Stimulating Hormone
Targets the thyroid gland and release thyroid hormones
Litienizing Hormone
Targets ovaries and tested and for males it promotes testorone production and for females it produces progesterones
Follicle-stimulating Hormone
Targets ovaries and tested for for males it promotes testorone production and for females it leads to the production of estrogens
Growth hormone
Target liver, muscle, bone, cartilage, and other tissues. Functions to spare glucose, mobilize fat, and for growth
Adrenal Medulla
Epinephrine
Targets the sympathetic nervous system to increase the metabolic and heart rate and increase blood pressure
Adrenal Cortex
Cortisol
Targets the liver, muscle, fat tissue, and pancreas to control blood sugar, regulate the metabolism, and control blood pressure
Aldosterone
Targets the kidneys to increase levels of Na+ and reduce K+
Testes
Testorone
Targets the sexual organs, kidneys, bone, brain, and liver produce sperm and keep the organs working
Pancreas(Islets)
Insulin
Targets the pancreas to enchance ante transport of glucose to the cells and prevent the breakdown of glycogen to glucose
Glucagon
Targets the liver to turn glycogen to glucose
Diseases
Addison’s Disease
hypo secretory disorder of the adrenal cortex and deficit in glucocorticoids where the adrenal cortex doesn’t produce enough hormones
Diabetes Miletus
There are 3 sign for the disease of hypo secretion or the hyperactivity of insulin. One is the polydipsia where there’s huge urine output decreasing the blood volume from dehydration causing excessive thirst. Polyuria where there’s excessive glucose in the blood then to the kidney osmotic diretic. Then there’s polyphagia where there is excessive hunger.
Acromboly
Over growth of bones, hands, feet, and face