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Eye and Endocrine System shayne soto p.4 (Endocrine diseases (Prediabetes…
Eye and Endocrine System
shayne soto p.4
Major glands/organs
Adrenal glands: Two glands that sit on top of the kidneys that release the hormone cortisol.
Hypothalamus: A part of the lower middle brain that tells the pituitary gland when to release hormones.
Ovaries: The female reproductive organs that release eggs and produce sex hormones.
Pancreas: Cells in the pancreas control the release of the hormones insulin and glucagon.
Parathyroid: Four tiny glands in the neck that play a role in bone development.
Pineal gland: A gland found near the center of the brain that may be linked to sleep patterns.
Pituitary gland: A gland found at the base of brain behind the sinuses. It is often called the "master gland" because it influences many other glands, especially the thyroid. Problems with the pituitary gland can affect bone growth, a woman's menstrual cycles, and the release of breast milk.
Testes: The male reproductive glands that produce sperm and sex hormones.
Thymus: A gland in the upper chest that helps develop the body's immune system early in life.
Thyroid: A butterfly-shaped gland in the front of the neck that controls metabolism.
Endocrine diseases
Prediabetes is when your blood sugar is higher than it should be but not high enough for your doctor to diagnose diabetes.
Type 1 diabetes is an autoimmune condition. It happens when your body attacks your pancreas with antibodies. The organ is damaged and doesn't make insulin.
When you have type 2 diabetes, your pancreas usually creates some insulin. But either it’s not enough or your body doesn’t use it like it should
Polyuria: The excessive passage of urine (at least 2.5 liters per day for an adult) resulting in profuse urination and urinary frequency (the need to urinate frequently).
Polydipsia is a medical name for the feeling of extreme thirstiness.
Polyphagia, also known as hyperphagia, is the medical term for excessive or extreme hunger.
Structure/ Function of eye
Cornea: Light enters through the cornea, the transparent outer covering of the eye. The eyeball is rounded, so the cornea acts as a lens. It bends or refracts light.
Aqueous Humor: The fluid beneath the cornea has a composition similar to that of blood plasma. The aqueous humor helps to shape the cornea and provides nourishment to the eye.
Iris and Pupil: Light passes through the cornea and aqueous humor through an opening called the pupil. The size of the pupil is determined by the iris, the contractile ring that is associated with eye color. As the pupil dilates (gets bigger), more light enters the eye.
Lens: While most of the focusing of light is done by the cornea, the lens allows the eye to focus on either near or distant objects. Ciliary muscles surround the lens, relaxing to flatten it to image distant objects and contracting to thicken the lens to image close-up objects.
Vitreous Humor: A certain distance is required to focus light. The vitreous humor is a transparent watery gel that supports the eye and allows for this distance.
Optic nerve: The bundle of nerve fibers at the back of the eye that carry visual messages from the retina to the brain.
Photoreceptors: The light sensing nerve cells (rods and cones) located in the retina.
Sclera: The tough outer coat that protects the entire eyeball.
Eye diseases
Age-related macular degeneration (AMD) is the physical disturbance of the center of the retina called the macula.
Bulging eyes, or proptosis, occurs when one or both eyes protrude from the eye sockets due to space taking lesions such as swelling of the muscles, fat, and tissue behind the eye.
Cataracts are a degenerative form of eye disease in which the lens gradually becomes opaque and vision mists over.
Glaucoma occurs when a build-up of fluid in the eye creates pressure, damaging the optic nerve
Major functions of endocrine
The endocrine system is the collection of glands that produce hormones that regulate metabolism, growth and development, reproduction, sleep, and mood, among other things
Hormones
Hypothalamus
major hormones — anti-diuretic hormone (ADH), oxytocin and various hormones that stimulate the pituitary gland
influences — nervous and hormonal systems
Pituitary gland
major hormones — luteinising hormone (LH), follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH), prolactin, growth hormone, thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH), oxytocin, anti-diuretic hormone (ADH), adrenocorticotrophic hormone (ACTH)
influences — reproduction, growth, childbirth, breastfeeding, hormone regulation
Pineal gland
major hormones — melatonin
influences — sleep cycle
Thyroid gland
major hormones — tri-iodothyronine (T3), thyroxine (T4), calcitonin
influence — metabolism, bone health
Parathyroid gland
major hormones — parathyroid hormone
influences — calcium and vitamin D regulation
Adrenal glands
major hormones — adrenaline, noradrenaline, cortisol, aldosterone
influences — stress response and blood pressure/salt control
Pancreas
major hormones — insulin, glucagon, somatostatin
influences — blood sugar control
Ovaries (females only)
major hormones — oestrogen, progesterone
influences — female characteristics
Testes (males only)
major hormones — testosterone
influences — male characteristics
Thyroid gland
Regulates growth hormone release in the pituitary gland