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Eye & Endocrine System Diana Ventura Per. 1 (Major structures and …
Eye & Endocrine System Diana Ventura
Per. 1
Major structures and
functions of the eye
Lens- focuses light rays onto fovea.
Ciliary Body- controls shape of lens.
Iris- circular muscle; controls the size of pupil.
Aqueous Humor- water fluid behind cornea.
Pupil- opening that lets light into eye.
Vitreous Humor- jelly like fluid maintains eyeball shape.
Cornea- transparent covering.
Retina- layer of sensory receptor cells.
Choroid- dark pigment layer (under the sclera).
Fovea- small depression with high concentration of cones.
Sclera- fibrous “white” part of eye.
Optic Disc- region with no receptors, receptors connect to optic nerve.
Conjunctiva- mucous membrane covering the front
surface of the sclera and lining the eyelid.
Tapetum Lucidum- iridescent film under the retina that provides animals with “night vision”.
Major glands/organs and their functions
Thyroid Gland- produces hormones that regulate the body's metabolic rate as well as heart and digestive function, muscle control, brain development, mood and bone maintenance.
Parathyroid Gland- raises blood calcium level by breaking down the bone where most of the calcium is at. It also causes calcium to be released.
Thymus- training and development of T lymphocytes or T cells, an extremely important type of white blood cell.
Adrenal Gland- produce hormones that help regulate your metabolism, immune system, blood pressure, response to stress and other essential functions.
Ovaries- produce and release eggs into the female reproductive tract and also produce the female hormones oestrogen and progesterone.
Pancreas- releases juices directly into the bloodstream, and it has an exocrine function because it releases juices into ducts.
Testis- produce sperm and produce hormones.
Kidneys- filters the blood and gets rid of waste products. It also balances the electrolyte levels in the body, controls blood pressure and stimulates the production of red blood cells.
Pituitary Gland- secretes hormones into your bloodstream. These hormones can affect other organs and glands especially thyroids.
Pineal Gland- produces and regulates some hormones including melatonin.
Hypothalamus- controls body temperature, hunger, important aspects like thirst, fatigue, sleep, and circadian rhythms.
Major functions of the endocrine system
Works with the nervous system to maintain homeostasis.
Is made up of the cells, tissues, and organs that secrete hormones into body fluids.
Communicates with cells using chemicals called hormones.
Hormones diffuse into the bloodstream to act on specific target cells.
Regulates the internal environment by secreting hormones with the body cause widespread, whole body effects.
Regulates and aids in the development and growth of cells and organs both somatic and sexual.
Diseases associated with the eye
Myopia- Distant objects are focused in front of the retina rather than on it.
Color Blindness- Congenital lack of one or more cone type leads to partial color blindness. Inability to perceive colors due to defective cones.
Hyperopia- Occurs when the parallel light rays from distant objects are focused behind the retina.
Conjunctivitis- inflammation of the
conjunctiva usually from bacteria or viral infection.
Astigmatism- Unequal curvatures in different parts of the cornea or lens leads to blurry images.
Glaucoma- Damage to the optic nerve causes progressive loss in peripheral vision and can eventually leads to blindness.
Cataracts- Clouding of the lens that causes the world to appear distorted as if seen through frosted glass.
Diseases associated with the endocrine system (include signs
and symptoms of Diabetes Miletus)
Cushing's Disease- Too much cortisol in your body for a prolonged period of time.
Diabetes Mellitus (Type I Diabetes)- beta cells don’t make insulin leading to
blood sugar being too high (Normal is 80-
120 mg/dL). Weakens immune system.
Cretinism- dwarfism in which adult
body proportions remain child-like.
Type II Diabetes- (insulin resistant/adult onset). Body produces insulin, but the cells
do not respond to it. Eventually, insulin production
decreases. 80% of people with this form are overweight.
Hypothyroidism- Under-active thyroid. Symptoms: fatigue, weakness, weight gain or difficulty losing weight.
Gigantism- Can reach heights of 8 feet. In adults results in acromegaly which is overgrowth of hands, feet, and face.
Goiter- swelling of the thyroid.
Dwarfism- May reach height of only 4 feet. In adults usually causes no problems.
Graves Disease- Autoimmune disorder
that causes hyperthyroidism.
Hyperthyroidism- May be genetic or caused by
tumor on thyroid - too much thyroxine causing: High metabolic rate, Rapid heartbeat, Weight loss, & Nervousness.
names of the hormones produced and their target organs
along with functions of the hormones
Peptides- a compound consisting of two or more amino acids linked in a chain, the carboxyl group of each acid being joined to the amino group of the next by a bond of the type -OC-NH-. Molecules that when released from cells affect other areas of the body.
Proteins- any of a class of nitrogenous organic compounds that consist of large molecules composed of one or more long chains of amino acids and are an essential part of all living organisms. provide structure, regulate body processes, transport materials throughout your body, help your immune system and act as a source of energy.
Amines- an organic compound derived from ammonia by replacement of one or more hydrogen atoms by organic groups. Create amino acids, the building blocks of proteins in living beings.
Glycoproteins- any of a class of proteins that have carbohydrate groups attached to the polypeptide chain. Also called glycopeptide. Function in the structure, reproduction, immune system, hormones, and protection of cells and organisms.
Steroids- Are made from , are lipid-soluble, and can pass through cell membranes. Receptors for steroid hormones are located inside the target cell (target cell’s nucleus). This signal the cell to make specific proteins. Those proteins will cause some desired reaction.
Prostaglandins- Usually affect the organ in which they are produced. Relax smooth muscle, others contract smooth muscle, some stimulate secretion of other hormones or chemicals, some influence blood pressure, and others affect reproductive physiology.
Nonsteroids- Receptors are in the target cell’s membranes. This triggers a cascade of reactions inside the cell – called signal transduction (cascade). Which in turn activates activate proteins inside the cell. These activated proteins cause changes in the cell.