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The Eye and the Endocrine System Natalia Panuco …
The Eye and the Endocrine System Natalia Panuco Period 7
Major Structures and Functions of the Eye
Ciliary Body(Muscle)
: Controls shape of lens
Vitreous Humor
: Jelly like fluid maintains eyeball shape (Inside the eye)
Lens
: Focuses light rays on fovea
Optic Disc
: Region with no receptors, receptors connect to optic nerve
Pupil
: Opening lets light into the eye
-Bright= Small
-Dim= Big
Fovea
: Small depression with high concentration of cones (Sharp Focus)
Cornea
: Transparent covering
Conjunctiva
: Mucous membrane covering the front surface of sclera an lining eyelid
Aqueous Humor
: Water fluid behind cornea (Anterior to the lens)
Retina
: Layer of sensory receptors cells
-Rods: Low Light (Night vision)
-Cones: Bright Light (Colors)
Choroid
: Dark pigment layer (Under the sclera)
Iris
: Circular muscle; controls pupil size
-Visible colored part
-Smooth muscle
-Lots pigment= brown/black
-Less pigment= blue/green/gray
Sclera
: "White" part of the eyes
Names of the Hormones Produced and their Target Organs along with Functions of the Hormones
Thyroid Gland
; Calcitonin; Blood : reduces concentration of calcium ions
Parathyroid Gland
; Parathyroid Hormone; Kidney and Parathyoid Glands : Gets released when calcium ion levels drops
Thyroid Gland
; Thyroid Hormone (Thyroxine and triiodothyronine); Cells : regulate metabolic rate
Adrenal Cortex
; Cortisol (Glucocorticoids); Glucose : Breakdown proteins and produce glucose
Posterior Pituitary
; Oxytocin; Breast and Uterus : Uterine contraction for childbirth and release milk during breastfeeding
Adrenal Medulla
; Epinephrine; Body and Brain : Help increase flow of blood to brain (Fight or Flight)
Posterior Pituitary
; Antidiuretic Hormone (Vasopressin); Kidney and Sweat Glands : Prevents water loss, increases re-uptake of water in kidney, and reduces blood flow to sweat glands
Testes
; Testosterone; Muscles, Bones, Sex Organs : Causes growth and strength in bones and muscles
Anterior Pituitary
; Luteinizing Hormone; Gonads : Stimulates gonads to produce sex hormones
-estrogen= female
-testosterone= male
Thymus
; Thymosin; Fetus : Produces thymosin to develop T-lympth during fetal
Anterior Pituitary
; Follicle-Stimulating Hormone; Gonads : Stimulates follicle cells of gonads to produce gametes
-ova= female
-sperm= male
Pineal Gland
; Melatonin; Skin : Makes skin and hair have color
Anterior Pituitary
; Prolactin; Mammary Gland : Breast to produce milk
Pancreas (Islets)
; Insulin; Glucose : lowers blood glucose levels
Ovaries
; Estrogen; Breast and Uterus : Triggers development of female see characteristics
Ovaries
; Progesterone; Ovulation and Pregnancy : Maintains appropriate coordinates for retus
Anterior Pituitary
; Adrenocorticotropic; Adrenal Cortex and Outer Part Adrenal Gland : Stimulates adrenal cortex and produces hormones
Pancreas (Islets)
; Glucagon; Glucose : Raise blood glucose levels
Anterior Pituitary
; Thyroid-Stimulating Hormone; Thyroid Gland : Tropic hormone responsible for the stimulation of thyroid gland
Adrenal Cortex
; Aldosterone; Mineral Ions : Regulate concentration of mineral ions
Anterior Pituitary
; Growth Hormones; Cells : Stimulating growth, repair and reproduction
Major Functions of the Endocrine System
Thyroid Gland
: Hormones control metabolic rate and decrease calcium levels in the blood
Adrenal Glands
: Producing epinephrine (adrenaline) and hormones that control mineral balance, inflammation, and metabolic functions
Parathyroid Gland
: Secrete parathyroid hormones, increasing blood calcium levels
Pituitary Gland
: Secretes numerous hormones, some of which stimulate other endocrine glands
Pancreas
: Such as insulin and glucagon, regulate blood sugar levels
Ovaries
: Regulate the female reproductive system
Pineal Gland
: Secretes melatonin, regulating sleep cycle, alertness, and temperature
Testes
: And estrogen and progesterone
Hypothalamus
: Produces hormones stored in the posterior pituitary and hormones that affect the anterior pituitary
Diseases Associated with the Eye
Myopia (Nearsightedness)
Distant objects focused in front of retina not on it
Individuals see close objects well but distant objects appear blurry
Eyeball too long
Correction= concave corrective lenses to diverge light rays
Hyperopia (Farsightedness)
Occurs when parallel light rays from distinct objects focused behind retina
Individuals see distant objects well but close objects appear blurry
Eyeball too short
Correction= Convex corrective lenses to converge light rays
Conjunctivitis
Inflammation of conjunctiva from bacteria/ viral infection
Glaucoma
Damage optic nerves causes progressive loss
can eventually lead to blindness
drainage of aqueous humor is blocked= fluid backs up as a clogged sink
Astigmatism
Unequal curvatures in different parts of cornea/lens which creates blurry images
Color Blindness
Congenital lack one or more cone type which is partial color blindness
Inherited as X-Linked conditions, common= males > females
Common= red-green color blindness
-deficit/ absence of red/ green cones (red and green appear the same)
Cataracts
clouding of the lens
Lens hardens and becomes opaque
Diseases Associated with the Endocrine System (Include Signs and Symptoms of Diabetes Miletus)
Goiter
: Thyroid needs iodine which produce T3 and T4 ( Lack of iodine= goiter; which is swelling of the thyroid)
Crushing Disease
: Too much cortisol in body for prolonged period of time
Graves Disease
: Autoimmune disorder that causes hyperthyroidism
Diabetes Mellitus
-
Type I
: Beta cells don't make insulin, leading to blood sugar being too high
-
Type II
: Body produces insulin, but the cells do not respond to it