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THE EYE AND ENDOCRINE SYSTEMS By: Jennifer De Dios Period: 4 (MAJOR…
THE EYE AND ENDOCRINE SYSTEMS
By: Jennifer De Dios
Period: 4
MAJOR EYEBALL STRUCTURES
ACCESSORY ORGANS
■ Eyebrow
■ Eyelid
■ Conjuctiva
■ Lacrimal Apparatus
--Lacrimal Apparatus: produce tears, channel them to the surface of the eye where they maintain moisture, and flush debris and waste material from the ocular surface
SCLERA
■ Opaque, white outer layer of the eye
"White of the Eye"
■ Protects and give eye shape
OPTIC NERVE
■ Takes impulses and transmits images to the brain
CORNEA
■ Allows light to pass through and controls entry of light
■ Covers front portion of the eye: pupil, iris, and aqueous humor
--Aqueous Humor: helps retain the shape of cornea
PUPIL
■ Size determined by amount of light entering eyeball -- papillary reflex
■ Constricts and contracts involuntarily
IRIS
■ Controls amount of light that enters eye
■ Defines eye colour
LENS
■ Responsible for focusing on short and long distance
■ Focuses the light rays that pass through it (and onto the retina) in order to create clear images of objects that are positioned at various distances
RETINA
■ Interior, thin layer of tissue that lines the back of the eye
■ Houses sight receptors --> light impulses to neural inputs
DISEASES W/THE EYE
MYOPIA
■ NEARSIGHTED, eyeball too long
■ Occurs when distant objects focus in front of the retina rather than on it
■ See close objects without problems
HYPEROPIA
■ FARSIGHTED, eyeball too short
■ Occurs when the parallel light rays from distant objects focus behind the retina
■ Can see distant objects because their ciliary muscle contract most continuously
FUNCTIONS OF THE ENDOCRINE SYSTEM
■ Reproduction
■ Growth & Development
■ Electrolytes, water, and nutrient balance
■ Regulation of cells' metabolism and energy
■ Mobilization of body defenses
■ Initiates responses slowly
■ Long-duration responses
■ Acts via hormones in blood
■ Diffuse locations and anywhere with blood
■ Hormones - long distances
MAJOR GLANDS/ORGANS
HYPOTHALAMUS
■ Regulation of satiety, metabolism, and body temperature
■ Secretes hormones that stimulate or suppress the release of hormones in the pituitary gland
PITUITARY
■ Located at the base of the brain beneath the hypothalamus
■ Produces hormones that control numerous functions
THYROID/PARATHYROIDS
■ Located in the lower anterior part of the neck
■ Hormones regulate the body's metabolism
■ Bone growth and development of the brain
■ help maintain normal blood pressure, heart rate, digestion, muscle tone, and reproductive functions
PARATHYROID:
■ Regulating calcium levels in the blood and bone metabolism
ADRENAL
■ Outer part: ADRENAL CORTEX
■ Inner part: ADRENAL MEDULLA
■ Cortex: regulates metabolism, balance of salt and water, immune system, sexual function
■ Medulla: deals with physical and emotional stress by increasing heart rate and blood pressure
PINEAL BODY
■ Located at the middle of the brain
■ Secretes a hormone called melatonin, which may help regulate the wake-sleep cycle of the body
REPRODUCTIVE ORGANS
■ MALES: testes produce androgens and testosterone
■ FEMALES: ovaries produce estrogen and progesterone, as well as eggs
MAJOR HORMONES
ANTERIOR PITUITARY GLAND
■ GROWTH HORMONE (GH):
Target Organs: liver, bone, cartilage, muscle
■ Growth- promoting effects mediated indirectly by IGF's
■ THYROID-STIMULATING HORMONE (TSH):
Target Organs: thyroid gland
■ Stimulates thyroid gland to release thyroid hormones
■ ADRENOCORTICOTROPIC HORMONE (ACTH)
Target Organs: Adrenal Cortex
■ Promotes release of glucocorticoids and androgens
■ PROLACTIN (PRL)
Target Organs: breast secretory tissue
■ Lactation
■ FOLLICLE-STIMULATING HORMONE (FSH)
Target Organs: Ovaries and testes
■ Females: stimulates ovarian follicle maturation and production of estrogens
Males: produce testosterone
■ LUTEINIZING HORMONE (LH)
Target Organs: ovaries and testes
■ Triggers ovulation --> stimulates ovarian production of esrrogen--> progesterone
■ Promote testosterone production
POSTERIOR PITUITARY
■ ANTIDIURETIC HORMONE (VASOPRESSIN) (ADH)
Target Organs: Kidneys
■ Stimulate kidney tubules cells
■ OXYTOCIN
Target Organs: uterus and breasts
■ Stimulates uterine contractions, initiate labour, milk ejection
THYROID & PARATHYROID GLAND
■ THYROID HORMONE (TH)
Target Organs: cells in body
■ Increased metabolism, body heat
■Regulates tissue growth and development, maintaining blood pressure
■ CALCITONIN
Target Organs: bone, kidney
■ Regulates Calcium and phosphate
■PARATHYROID HORMONE (PTH)
Target Organs: kidney, skel intest
■ Regulates Calcoum levels
ADRENAL CORTEX & MEDULLA
■ CORTISOL
Target Organs: Liver, muscle, adipose, pancreas
■ Controls blood sugar, regulates metabolism, controls blood pressure
■ ALDOSTERONE
Target Organs: Kidneys
■ Increase blood levels of Na+, decrease in K+
■EPINEPHRINE (MEDULLA)
Target Organs: sympathetic nervous system
■ Rise in rate percent and metabolic percent, rise in blood pressure by vasoconstriction
PANCREAS
■ INSULIN
Target Organs: pancreas
■ Enhances membrane transport of glucose to cells, prevents breakdown of glycogen to glucose
■ GLUCAGON
Target Organs: Liver
■ Liver --> stored glycogen
TESTES & ORGANS
■ TESTOSTERONE
Target Organs: sexual organs, kidneys, bone
■ Normal sperm production, keeps reproductive organs in functional state
■ ESTROGEN
Target Organs: ovaries, uterus, vagina
■ Promotes breast development, menstrual cycle, growth egg follicle
■ PROGESTERONE
Target Organs: ovaries, uterus, mammary glands
■ Thickens lining of uterus
PINEAL GLAND
■ MELATONIN
Target Organs: brain
■ Regulate for puberty, influences mood
THYMUS
■ THYMOSIN
Target Organs: lymphatic nervous system
■ protects development of T cells and immune system
DISEASES IN THE ENDOCRINE SYSTEM
GIGANTISM
■ too much and too little of Growth Hormone, targets growth plates
■ Too much = gigantism
MYXEDEMA
■ Hyperthyroid syndrome
■ Low metabolic rate, chilled, constipation, thick, dry skin/puffy eyes
■Goiter: no iodine and useless colloid
HYPERPARATHYROIDISM
■ Parathyroid tumor
■ Calcium decreased in bones
--> osteitis fibrosa cystica: holes in bones, brittle bones (too much parathyroid)
GRACE'S DISEASE
■ Bulging eyes, sweats, increased heart rate
■ Antibodies mimic TSH --> TH increased
CUSHING'S DISEASE
■ ACTH- releasing pituitary tumor
■ Increased blood glucose, decreased muscle and bone protein, low water intake
DIABETES MELLITUS
■ Symptoms include excessive thirst or urination, fatigue, weight loss, or blurred vision
■ Results from low insulin
-- No insulin = Type 1
--Insulin without results = Type 2
■ POLYYRIA: increased blood glucose --> kidney filtrate --> increased urine
■ POLYDIPSIA: dehydration--> excessive thirst
■ POLYPHAGIA: Increased hunger --> appetite is never satisfied