Please enable JavaScript.
Coggle requires JavaScript to display documents.
22 year old male with testicular shrinkage; fertility? sex drive?…
22 year old male with testicular shrinkage; fertility? sex drive?
upstream causes:
anabolic steroid injection
frequency
dosage
body build
background information:
General functions of the endocrine system:
controls reproductive activities
regulates development, growth, and metabolism
controls digestive processes
maintains homeostasis of blood & regulates blood volume by controlling concentrations of specific substances in blood
two kinds of hormones & how they affect target cells:
lipid soluble hormones
diffuse through the plasma membrane enter cell then the hormone bid to its receptor in the cytosol or nucleus to form a hormone receptor complex; hormone receptor complex binds to a specific DNA sequence within the nucleus called the hormone response elements; resulting into transcription and translation of specific proteins
water soluble hormones
are not able to diffuse through the plasma membrane so they have to bind to a plasma membrane receptor which results of many biochemical events called a signal transduction pathway; the hormone is the signaling molecule/first messenger and the binding hormone to the receptor forms the second messenger in the cell
major endocrine glands: (hormones & hormones functions)
thyroid gland
triiodothyronine & tetraiodothyronine
increase metabolic rate of cells; increase heat production
calcitonin
decreases blood calcium levels
parathyroid gland
parathyroid hormone
increases blood calcium
pineal gland
melatonin
helps regulate the body cardiac rhythms
adrenal gland
epinephrine & norepinephrine
prolong effects of they sympathetic division of the autonomic nervous system
pituitary gland
posterior
antidiuretic hormone
stimulates the kidneys to decrease urine output and thirst center to increase fluid intake when body is dehydrated
oxytocin
ejection of milk
anterior
follicle stimulating hormone
controls development of both oocytes and ovarian follicle
luteinizing hormone
induces ovulation of the secondary oocyte from ovarian follicle
prolactin
regulates mammary gland growth and breast milk production
adrenocorticotropic hormone
stimulates adrenal cortex to release corticosteroids
thyroid stimulating protein
stimulates thyroid gland to release thyroid hormone
growth hormone
induce growth
Hormonal pathway from hypothalamus to the testes
hypothalamus sends signal to the anterior pituitary gland to release follicle stimulating hormone(stimulated by GnRH) and luteinizing hormone(stimulated by GnRH)
concepts of..
feedback loops
negative feedback- acts opposite to stimulus
positive feedback- output increases the original stimulus
up & down regulation
up regulation- when a cell increases the number of receptors
down regulation- when a cell decreases numbers in receptors
downstream effects:
if continued..
decrease sperm count
baldness
shrinkage of testes
increased risk of prostate cancer
development of breasts
kidney failure
liver damage or tumors
increased risk of stroke or heart attack; high blood pressure, changes in blood cholesterol, and enlarged heart
increase blood clots
if stops..
restlessness
loss of aptite
fatigue
sleeping complications
decreased sex drive
steroid cravings