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Eye and the Endocrine System Eric Hernandez P7 (Names of the hormones…
Eye and the Endocrine System Eric Hernandez P7
Major structures and
functions of the eye
Anterior chamber: The region of the eye between the cornea and the lens that contains aqueous humor.
Aqueous humor: The fluid produced in the eye.
Bruch's membrane: Located in the retina between the choroid and the retinal pigmented epithelium (RPE) layer; provides support to the retina and functions as the 'basement' membrane of the RPE layer.
Ciliary body: Part of the eye, above the lens, that produces the aqueous humor.
Choroid: Layer of the eye behind the retina, contains blood vessels that nourish the retina.
Cones: The photoreceptor nerve cells present in the macula and concentrated in the fovea (the very center of the macula); enable people to see fine detail and color.
Cornea: The outer, transparent structure at the front of the eye that covers the iris, pupil and anterior chamber; it is the eye's primary light-focusing structure.
Drusen: Deposits of yellowish extra cellular waste products that accumulate within and beneath the retinal pigmented epithelium (RPE) layer.
Fovea: The pit or depression at the center of the macula that provides the greatest visual acuity.
Iris: The colored ring of tissue behind the cornea that regulates the amount of light entering the eye by adjusting the size of the pupil.
Lens: The transparent structure suspended behind the iris that helps to focus light on the retina; it primarily provides a fine-tuning adjustment to the primary focusing structure of the eye, which is the cornea.
Macula: The portion of the eye at the center of the retina that processes sharp, clear straight-ahead vision.
Optic nerve: The bundle of nerve fibers at the back of the eye that carry visual messages from the retina to the brain.
Photoreceptors: The light sensing nerve cells located in the retina.
Pupil: The adjustable opening at the center of the iris through which light enters the eye.
Retina: The light sensitive layer of tissue that lines the back of the eye.
Retinal Pigmented Epithelium : A layer of cells that protects and nourishes the retina, removes waste products, prevents new blood vessel growth into the retinal layer and absorbs light not absorbed by the photoreceptor cells; these actions prevent the scattering of the light and enhance clarity of vision.
Rods: Photoreceptor nerve cells in the eyes that are sensitive to low light levels and are present in the retina, but outside the macula.
Sclera: The tough outer coat that protects the entire eyeball.
Trabecular meshwork: Spongy tissue located near the cornea through which aqueous humor flows out of the eye.
Vitreous: Clear jelly-like substance that fills the eye from the lens to the back of the eye.
Diseases associated with the eye
Refractive errors.
Cataracts - clouded lenses.
Optic nerve disorders, including glaucoma.
Retinal disorders - problems with the nerve layer at the back of the eye.
Macular degeneration - a disease that destroys sharp, central vision.
Diabetic eye problems.
Conjunctivitis - an infection also known as pinkeye
Major glands/organs and their functions
hypothalamus -is a small region of the brain. It's located at the base of the brain
adrenals-hey produce hormones that you can't live without, including sex hormones and cortisol
Parathyroid glands are small glands of the endocrine system that control the amount of calcium in our blood and bones.
ineal gland develops from the roof of the diencephalon, a section of the brain, and is located behind the third cerebral ventricle in the brain midline
Thyroid disorders can slow down or rev up metabolism by disrupting the production of thyroid hormones.
pituitary gland synthesizes and releases various hormones that affect several organs throughout the body
Names of the hormones produced and their target organs
along with functions of the hormones
Anterior
Pituitary Growth hormone Liver, adipose tissue Promotes growth (indirectly), control of protein, lipid and carbohydrate metabolism
Thyroid-stimulating hormone Thyroid gland Stimulates secretion of thyroid hormones
Adrenocorticotropic hormone Adrenal gland (cortex) Stimulates secretion of glucocorticoids
Prolactin Mammary gland Milk production
Luteinizing hormone Ovary and testis Control of reproductive function
Follicle-stimulating hormone Ovary and testis Control of reproductive function
Posterior
Pituitary Antidiuretic hormone Kidney Conservation of body water
Oxytocin Ovary and testis Stimulates milk ejection and uterine contractions
Diseases associated with the endocrine system
Cushing's disease is a serious condition of an excess of the steroid hormone cortisol in the blood level caused by a pituitary tumor secreting adrenocorticotropic hormone
Type 1 Diabetes-is a chronic condition in which the pancreas produces little or no insulin. Insulin is a hormone needed to allow sugar (glucose) to enter cells to produce energy.
Type 2 Diabetes-is a chronic condition that affects the way your body metabolizes sugar (glucose) — an important source of fuel for your body.
Gigantism is a rare condition that causes abnormal growth in children. This change is most notable in terms of height, but girth is affected as well.