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The Eye and the Endocrine System Leslie De La Rosa Period: 4 (Diseases…
The Eye and the Endocrine System
Leslie De La Rosa Period: 4
Structures and Functions of the eye
Accessory Organs
Conjunctiva
: - transparent mucous membrane
produces a lubricating mucous that continuous to moisture eyes
Lacrimal Apparatus
: consists of lacrimal gland that continues to secrete tears - blinking sends tears to lacrimal canaliculi and existing the lacrimal puncta - tears drain to the lacrimal sac and then nasolacrimal duct - eye contains lysozyme which cleanses and protects the eye
Eyelids
: -separated by palpebral fissure and meet at the medial and lateral comissures
supported internally by orbicularis oculi and levator palpebrae superioris muscles
allows us to blink
prevent from allowing foreign objects to enter eye
eyelashes have receptors that if anything is near to eyelashes it will trigger the blinking reflex
tarsal glands embedded on tarsals plates
Extrinsic Eye Muscles
:control movement of eyeball
Lateral Rectus
: moves laterally
Medial Rectu
s: moves eye medially
Superior Rectus
: Moves eye up and turns it medially
Inferior Rectus
: Moves eye downward and medially
Inferior Oblique
: Elevates aye and moves it laterally
Superior Oblique
: Moves eye down and to side
Eyebrow:
-shade eyes from sunlight
block sweat from entering eyes
Fibrous Layer
: dense avascular connective tissue
Sclera
: -bulk of fibrous layer -"white of the eye" -protects and shapes the eyeball -anchors extrinsic muscles -pierced by optic nerve
Cornea
: -transparent -allows light to enter eye - allows focus of image - protection
Vascular Layer
: 3 pigmented regions
3
. Choroid
: -houses blood vessels that bring oxygen and nutrients to posterior side of eye -brown pigment helps absorb light
Ciliary Body
: 3 parts
Ciliary Muscles
: control lens shape
Ciliary processes
: secrete aqueous humor
Ciliary zonule
: helps maintain position
Iris
: controls amount of light that enter eye and shows color
Pupil
: size determined by amount of light needed to see an object
Retina
:houses sight receptors that translate light impulses to neural inputs that the brain interprets as images
Pigmented layer
: pigmented cells absorb light, allow for cell renewal, and store vitamins
Neural Layer
: composed of photo receptors, bipolar cells, and ganglion cells. -contains optic disc/blind spot -photo receptors rods and cones
Rods:
help see in dim light and do not see color
Cones:
3 types -red -green -blue - long, medium, or short - see different colors
Lens
: responsible for focusing images and changes shape
vitreous humor:
- transmits light -supports inner lens and holds retina layers together -helps counteract the pulling force of the extrinsic eye muscles
aqueous humor:
fluid helps retain shape of cornea
Diseases (Eye)
Colorblindness
: congenital lack of 1+ pigments
Hyperopia/ farsightedness
: objects near focus inback of the retina causing near things to be blurry but not far sighted
Glaucoma
: lots of pressure within the eye compressing the retina and optic nerve leading to blindness
Conjunctivas/ Pink eye
: inflammation of the conjunctiva which can lead to an infection caused by bacteria or viruses
Cataract
: clouding in lens which effects vision to appear distorted
Nearsightedness
: far objects focus in from of the retina instead of on it having blurry vision far
Double Vision
: the external muscles of the eyes are not perfectly coordinated causing two images rather than one
Major Functions of the Endocrine System
Growth and Development
Mobilization of body defenses
Regulation of cellular metabolism and energy balance
Maintenance of electrolyte, water, and nutrient balance of water
Reproduction
Major Glands and Organs
Hypothalamus
regulate metabolism, and body temperature -secret hormones that stimulate or suppress the release of hormones - secretes somatostatin which prevents a gland from secreting
parathyroid Glands
(Pairs) release parathyroid hormone (regulates calcium levels in the blood and bone metabolism)
Thyroid Gland
regulate the body's metabolism,bone growth and development of the brain and nervous system in children, maintains normal blood pressure, heart rate, digestion, muscle tone, and reproductive functions
Adrenals
Adrenal Cortex (outer)
produces corticosteroids which regulate the body's metabolism, the balance of salt and water in the body, the immune system, and sexual function
Adrenal Medulla (inner)
produces hormones called catecholamines
Pineal Bodies
secretes melatonin, which may help regulate the wake-sleep cycle
Ovaries (Females)
produce estrogen, progesterone and eggs develop breast growth and involved with menstruation and pregnancy
Testes (Male)
secrete androgen's (most important testosterone) and affects sexual development, growth of facial hair and pubic hair and sperm production.
Pancreas
digestive and hormonal functions
Pituitary Gland
produces hormones that control many functions of other endocrine glands
Anterior lobe produces
Growth hormone
Luteinizing hormone (LH)
Adrenocorticotropin hormone (ACTH
Thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH
Prolactin
follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH)
Posterior lobe produces
Antidiuretic hormone (vasopressin)
Oxytocin
Hormones produced, target cells, and functions
Anterior Pituitary:
"Adrenocorticotropic Hormone (ACTH)
Target: Adrenal Cortex
Function: Release glucocorticoinds and androgens
Prolactin (PRL)
Target: Breast Secretory tissue
Function: lactation
Thyroid-Stimulating Hormone (TSH)
Target: Thyroid Gland
Function: stimulates thyroid gland which releases thyroid hormones
Follicile-stimulating Hormone (FSH)
Target: Ovaries and tetes
(F)Ovaries follicle maturation and production of estrogen (M) testosterone production
Growth Hormone (GH):
Target: -liver -muscle -bone -cartilage -other tissues
Function: anabolic hormone allows for somatic growth, mobilizes fat, and spares glucose
Luteinizing Hormone (LH)
Target: Ovaries and Testes
(F) triggers ovulation which stimulates ovarian production of estrogen and progesterone (M) promotes testosterone production
Others:
(Posterior Pituitary)
Antidiuretic Hormone (Vasopressin) ADH)
Target: Kidney's
stimulates kidney tubule cells by reabsorbing water from forming uterine back in blood
(Posterior Pituitary)
Oxytocin
Target: Uterus and Breast
-Stimulates uterine contractions and initiates labor -milk ejection
(Thyroid Gland)
Thyroid Hormone
(Thyroxine and Triiodothyronine) (TH)
Target: Cells in body
metabolism and body heat
regulates tissue growth and development
maintaining blood pressure
(Thyroid Gland)
Calcitonin
Target: Bone and Kidney
regulates calcium and phosphate
(Parathyroid Gland)
Parathyroid Hormone
(PTH)
Target: kidney and skeletal intestine
regulates calcium levels by increasing
(Adrenal Cortex)
Cortisol
(glucocorticoids)
Target: liver, muscle, adipose tissue, pancreas
controls blood on sugar
regulate metabolism
controls blood pressue
(Adrenal Cortex)
Aldosterone
(mineralcorticoids)
Target: Kidneys
blood levels of Na+ increase and K+ decrease
(Adrenal Medulla)
Epinephrine / Nor-epinephrine
Target: Sympathetic Nervous System
increases heart and metabolic rate
increases blood pressure by vasoconstriction
(Pancreas)(Islets)
Insulin
Target: Pancreas
enhances membrane transport of glucose to cells
prevents breakdown of glycogen to glucose
(Pancreas)(islets)
Glucagon
Target: Liver
liver stores glycogen and glucose
(Testes)
Testosterone
Target: sexual organs, kidneys, bone, brain, liver
normal sperm production
keeps reproduction organs in functional state
(Ovaries)
Estrogen
Target: ovaries, Fallopian tubes, uterus, vagina, mammary glands
promotes breast development
menstrual cycle
growth egg follicle
(Ovaries)
Progesterone
Target: ovaries, uterus, and mammary glands
thickens lining of uterus and protects egg
(Pineal Gland)
Melatonin
Target: Brain
regulates time for puberty
influences mood
(Thymus)
Thymosin
Target:Lymphatic N.S.
protects and develops 'T' cells and immune system
Diseases with Endocrine System
Graves Disease:
(most common hypothyroid pathology) abnormal antibodies directed against thyroid folliculer cells
Goiter
: enlarged protruding thyroid gland
Hypothyroid Syndrome in Myxedema
: symptoms are low metabolic rate, feeling chilled, constipation, lethargy, edema, thick dry skin, mental sluggishness, and puffy eyes
Cushing's Syndrome:
pathology of glucocorticoid excess and is caused by ACTH releasing pituitary tumor
Hyperprolactinemia
): Most frequent abnormality of anterior pituitary tumors
Addison's Disease:
a major hypo secretory disorder of the adrenal cortex, usually involves deficits in both glucocorticoids and mineralcorticoids
Hyposecretion of Prolactin
: more common that hypersecretion
Ketones/Kettone Bodies
: fatty acid metabolites create organic acids which accumulate in blood and blood pH drops.
Hypersecretion
: results in gigantism since the growth hormone targets the still active epiphyseal plates
Diabetes Mellitus (DM)
: hypo secretion or hypo activity of insulin
Pituitary Dwarfism
: deficiency in children slows long bone growth
Acromegaly
: the overgrowth of bones, hands, feet, and face