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Eye and Endocrine System Annabel Quintero Period 7 (Major structures and …
Eye and Endocrine System Annabel Quintero Period 7
Major glands/organs and their functions
Hypothalamus
produces releasing and inhibiting hormones, which stop and start the production of other hormones throughout the body
Pituitary gland
secrete hormones into your bloodstream
Parathyroid glands
raises the blood calcium level by breaking down the bone and causing calcium release
Kidneys
respond to a number of hormones including vitamin D, aldosterone, prostaglandins, cortisol, parathyroid hormone and calcitonin
Testis (male)
secrete the hormones that control the development of male sexual characteristics and the reproductive function of the adult male
Ovary (female)
secrete hormones that are vital to normal reproductive development and fertility
Pancreas
secretes the hormones insulin and glucagon to control blood sugar levels
Thyroid gland
produces hormones that regulate the body's metabolic rate as well as heart and digestive function, muscle control, brain development, mood and bone maintenance
Thymus
produces and secretes thymosin, a hormone necessary for T cell development and production
Adrenal gland
produce hormones that help regulate your metabolism, immune system, blood pressure, response to stress and other essential functions
Diseases associated with the eye
astigmatism
Unequal curvatures in different parts of the cornea or lens leads to blurry images
glaucoma
Damage to the optic nerve causes progressive loss in peripheral vision and can eventually leads to blindness
cataracts
Clouding of the lens that causes the world to appear distorted as if seen through frosted glass
hyperopia (farsightedness)
Occurs when the parallel light rays from distant objects are focused behind the retina
can see distant objects well but close objects
appear blurry
myopia (nearsightedness)
Distant objects are focused in front of the retina rather than on it
can see close objects well but distant objects
appear blurry
colorblindness
Inability to perceive colors due to defective cones
conjunctivitis
inflammation of the conjunctiva usually from bacteria or viral infection
Major functions of the endocrine system
made up of glands that produce and secrete hormones, chemical substances produced in the body that regulate the activity of cells or organs
hormones regulate the body's growth, metabolism, and sexual development and function
names of the hormones produced and their target organs along with functions of the hormones
Pineal gland
Melatonin
pineal
regulate human sleep-wake cycle
Thymus
Thymosin
thymus
protect body from pathogens
Ovaries
Estrogen
uterine, breast, and pubic hair
development of female secondary sex characteristics
Progesterone
ovulation
support the developing rectus
Testes
Testosterone
body
grow hair/muscle and sex organs
Pancreas (Islets)
Insulin
glucose
decreases blood glucose levels
Glucagon
increase breakdown of glycogen to increase blood glucose levels
muscle and liver cells
Adrenal Medulla
Epinephrine/Norepinephrine
blood flow
help improve blood flow
Adrenal Cortex
Cortisol (glucocorticoids)
proteins and lipids
break down of proteins and lipids to produce glucose
Aldosterone
mineral ions
regulate mineral ions
Parathyroid gland
Parathyroid Hormone (PTH)
osteoclasts
breaks down calcium in bones
Thyroid gland
Thyroid Hormone (Thyroxine and triiodothyronine) (TH)
metabolism
regulate metabolic rate
Calcitonin
calcium ions
rise in blood and reduces calcium ions
posterior pituitary
Antidiuretic Hormone (vasopressin) (ADH)
kidneys and sweat glands
prevents water loss and reduce blood flow
Oxytocin
uterus and breast
uterine contractions during childbirth and release milk for breast-feeding
anterior pituitary
Growth Hormone (GH)
cells throughout the body
helps growth, repair, and reproduction
Thyroid Stimulating Hormone (TSH)
thyroid gland
stimulates the thyroid gland to produce thyroxine, and then triiodothyronine which stimulates the metabolism of almost every tissue in the body
Follicle-stimulating Hormone (FSH)
gonads
produce gametes ova in females and sperm in males
Adrenocorticotropic Hormone (ACTH)
egulate levels of the steroid hormone cortisol
adrenal cortex
Luteinizing Hormone (LH)
estrogens and testosterone
produce sex hormones
Prolactin (PRL)
produce milk
mammary glands
Diseases associated with the endocrine system (include signs and symptoms of Diabetes mellitus)
hypothyroidism
under active thyroid
goiter
swelling of the thyroid (lack of iodine)
cretinism
adult boy proportions remain child-like
graves disease
Autoimmune disorder that causes hyperthyroidism
Type I Diabetes
beta cells don’t make insulin leading to blood sugar being too high
signs and symptoms
Increased thirst
Unintended weight loss
Irritability and other mood changes
Extreme hunger
Fatigue and weakness
Frequent urination
Blurred vision
hyperthyroidism
May be genetic or caused by tumor on thyroid
cushing's disease
Too much cortisol
Depresses cartilage/bone formation and immune system; inhibits inflammation; disrupts neural, cardiovascular, and gastrointestinal function
hyoposecretion
dwarfism
the growth of the individual is very slow or delayed
Hypersecretion
acromegaly
Overgrowth of hands, feet, and face
gigantism
pituitary gland makes too much growth hormone
Type II Diabetes
Body produces insulin, but the cells do not respond to it
Signs and symptoms
Major structures and
functions of the eye
sclera
fibrous "white" part of eye
ciliary body (muscle)
controls shape of lens
lens
focuses light rays into fovea
aqueous humor
water fluid behind cornea
iris
circular muscle; controls the size of pupil
vitreous humor
jelly like fluid maintains eyeball shape
cornea
transparent covering
retina
layer of sensory receptor cells
rods
low light (night vision)
cones
bright light (colors)
choroid
dark pigment layer (under the sclera)
pupil
opening that lets light into eye
conjunctiva
mucous membrane covering the front surface of the sclera and lining the eyelid
optic disc
region with no receptors, receptors connect to optic nerve
fovea
small depression with high concentration of cones (sharp focus)