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Eye and Endocrine System Liliana Arredondo Period 4 (The Endocrine…
Eye and Endocrine System
Liliana Arredondo
Period 4
The Eye
Accessories
eyebrows
eyelids (palipebrae)
eyelashes
lacrimal caruncle: tarsal gland that secretes oil
lacrimal apparatus: connects glands/ducts to the nose, tears enter the lacrimal sac into the nasal duct
conjunctiva: clear membrane over the eye to prevent dryness
3 layers of the Eye
FIBROUS Layer:
structures: sclera and cornea
function: protects the eye
VASCULAR Layer:
structures: choroid, ciliary body, iris
functions: choroid nourishes, ciliary muscles
control lens shape, and iris lets in light
RETINAL Layers:
neural layer structures: photoreceptors
(cones and rods)
neural layer function: perceive color and light
pigmented layer structures: phagocytes
pigmented layer function: stores vitamin A and absorbs light
Homeostatic Imbalances
Accessory Infections:
stye: swelling due to clogged oils of tarsal glands
pink eye (conjunctivitis): inflamed conjunctiva
cold/ nasal inflammation: swelled lacrimal apparatus that prevents tears from draining (watery eyes)
diplopia: no eye muscle coordination leads to double vision
Inner Eye Imbalances:
retinal detachment due to head trauma, leads to blindness
glaucoma: clogged aqueous humor causes pressure against retina and optic nerve
cataract: clouded, hardened lens
damage to optic tract, thalamus, or visual cortex is a loss of half of vision
The Endocrine System
Major Functions
influences metabolic activities with hormones
hormones travel long distances to reach their targets
controls and integrates reproduction, growth, development, body defenses, maintains nutrients
:star:
Glands and Organs
Pineal Gland: regulates reproductive hormones
Hypothalamus: stops and starts hormone production
Pituitary Gland: triggers the release of hormones
Thyroid: produces, stores, and releases hormones into the bloodstream
Thymus: large in children; important for growth and production
Adrenal Glands: regulates the immune system, stress response, metabolism, and blood pressure
Pancreas: excretes enzymes/hormones that break down large molecules
Gonads (ovaries + testes): produces steroid hormones that define sex characteristics
Classification of Hormones
Amino Acid Based:
common
soluable
can NOT passively cross the membrane
Steroids
from cholestrol
from gonadal and adrenocortical secretion
lipid soluable
CAN passively cross the membrane
3 Stimuli for Hormone Release
Humoral:
cause: altered levels of ions and nutrients
Neural:
cause: neural inputs trigger a response
Hormonal:
hormone is secreted by one organ which
triggers other organs/ glands to secrete
hormones
Hormones & Their Targets
Anterior Pituitary:
growth hormone (GH): targets liver, muscle, and bone. Functions to build tissue, promote cell growth, controls metabolic processes
thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH): targets the thyroid. Functions to regulate thyroid hormones and raise blood levels
adrenocorticotropic (ACTH): targets the pancreas; functions to stimulate the adrenal cortex to release stress resistors
prolactin (PRL): targets the mammary gland; functions to produce milk
follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH): targets the gonads; function is to stimulate egg/sperm production, regulates the gonads
luteinizing hormone (LH): targets gonads; function is to mature cells in ovaries, trigger ovulation, testes produce testorone
Posterior Pituitary
vasopressin (ADH): targets kidneys; function is to prevent dehydration and water overload, stops urine production, affects pain, and increases blood pressure
oxytocin: targets uterus and breast; functions to stimulate uterine contractions, causes lactation, promotes mother behavior (nuturing, couple bonding, trust)
Homeostatic Imbalances
ADH: hyposecretion = diabetes, hypersecretion = SIADH
symptoms: intense thirst and inability to retain water for long periods
GH: hypo = dwarfism, hyper = gigantism/acromegaly
acromegaly is the growth of bones in hands, feet, and face after epiphyseal plates close due to pituitary tumor
TSH: hypo = myxedema, hyper = Graves
symptoms: goiter due to low iodine, bulging eyes due to autoimmune disease that attacks the thyroid
FSH & LH: hypo = failed sexual maturation
PRL: hypo = poor milk production, hyper = galactorrhea (inappropriate milk secretion)
hyperparatyroidism: caused by tumor; calcium taken from bones (osteitis fibrosa cystica); increased blood calcium, depresses nervous system, kidney stones
hypoparathyroidism: caused by trauma/removal of thyroid; hypocalcemia (low blood calcium) leads to tetany (twitches), convulsions, and respiratory paralysis, or death
Diabetes Mellitus
hypo/hypersecretion of insulin
Type 1:
needs insulin; the immune system attacks pancreas beta cells; leads to vascular and neural problems; hyperglycemia (high blood sugar)
Type 2:
receptors do NOT respond to insulin; can be caused by genetic mutations, exercise and diet lowers the risk
polyuria = high glucose in the blood that enters the kidney, which leads to lots of urine, dehydration, and low blood pressure
polydipsia = dehydration stimulates hypothalamic thirst centers causing excessive thirst
polyphagia = excessive food consumption due to the body using fat and NOT glucose
