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UNIT 5: THE INDUSTRIAL REVOLUTION AND THE WORKING CLASS POLITICAL MOVEMENT
UNIT 5: THE INDUSTRIAL REVOLUTION AND THE WORKING CLASS POLITICAL MOVEMENT
Industrial Revolution
process
technological advances
dramatic economic changes
long and slow
100 years
Agriculture
less
important
industry
industrial capitalism emerged.
Great Britain (1750)
revolution
affected every
sector of the economy
transformed society
Class based society
new social organisation (End 18th)
replaced
old states system
people's status depended
wealth
job
family background
ORIGINS
result of late-18th century
revolutions.
French Revolution abolished
privileges
nobility
clergy
Industrial Revolution increased
importance
power
wealthy bourgeoisie
business
owners
factory
new social group
working class
industrial workers
CHARACTERISTICS
People's class determined
wealth
lands
buildings
businesses
wages
other incomes
society more open
people's class change
wealth
possessed
obtained
Equality
theory
all citizens equal
practice
economic inequalities
Society in 3 group
Upper class
dominant social group
wealthy bourgeoisie
business
bankers
factory owners
the nobility
Middle class
civil servants
doctors
lawyers
provided services
small-scale
merchants
owned their
shops
workshops
craftsmen
cultivate their lands
Working class
industrial workers
known as proletariat
peasants
Working-class movement
INDUSTRIAL WORKING CONDITIONS
Wealthy bourgeoisie
higher standards
comfortable homes
education
healthcare
holidays
entertainment
Working class
terrible
working
conditions
living
Wages too low
support a family,
women and children
had to work
worked 14 and 16 hours a day
discipline very strict
workers could be fined
breaking a machine.
speaking
common child labour
factories
mines
Lack
safety
workplace
chronic
illnesses
accidents
hygiene
Workers had no rights
illness
lost their wages
accident
death
dismissed at any time
without compensation
Workers did not have
right to
protest
strike
meet
discuss
conditions
ORIGINS OF POLITICS
(19th century) proletariat in Great Britain
organise itself
Luddites (1811):
factory workers
destroying machines
death penalty
Trade unions (1830s):
associations of workers
same industry
mutual assistance
accident
injury
demanded better working
conditions
strikes
if
negotiations failed
Chartist movement (1838–1848):
demand political reforms
(universal manhood
members of parliament
suffrage
salaries
laws to protect worker's
interests,
allow to become Mps
Working and living conditions
protests against
factory owners
improving conditions
reduce their profits
organisations
failed
government
factory owners
concede some demands
Higher wages
Shorter working days
Better
safety
measures
to prevent
3 more items...
hygiene
ban on child labour
Political reforms
Freedom of association
right to
strike
protest
Universal manhood suffrage
Working-class representation
Parliament
government
Mps property owners
iniciatives
Revolutionary ideologies
promoted
working-class interests
aimed to transform society
workers' revolution.
Marxism
ideology developed
Karl Marx
Friedrich Engels
Class struggle:
oppressed proletariat
struggle against their oppressors,
capitalist bourgeoisie
gain political power.
dictatorship of the working classes:
achieved political power
new
social
order
political
communist economy:
private property (capitalism)
abolished
means of production
socialised
owned by the estate
proletariat
owners MOP
state
organise
use of MOP
plan
economic activity
collective
communist society:
class-based society
disappear
Society
equal and without classes.
Anarchism
developed
Pierre Joseph Prudhon
best-known advocate
Mikhail Bakunin
abolition of capitalism
by social revolution
Main principles
Individual freedom:
fight against
any authority
limited freedom
church
church
institution
Direct action:
each citizen should
represent him or herself
anarchists rejected
political parties
elections
Abolition of private property:
society organised
in comunes
means of production
owned collectively
decisions
taken by popular
The International
Second half 19th century
European leaders of workers' organisations
problems of the proletariat
different countries
First International
1876
dissolved
various disagreements
Marxists
anarchists
IWA:
London 1864.
working-class organizations
advocates of revolutionary
ideologies
trade unionists,
anarchist
Marxist
coordinate workers' action
all world
encourage the collective ownership
MOP
advocate workers' political rights
trade unions
establishment of political parties
Second International:
Paris 1889.
eight-hour working day
1 may
day of protest for workers' rights.
Only included socialist parties,
trade unions
not members
anarchists