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Northern Ireland in transition (Northern Irish History (1985: Anglo-Irish…
Northern Ireland in transition
Belfast (12 July 2013)
Bloody Sunday
Irish history
Easter Rising 1916
Free State Treaty (1921/22)
Six Counties of Ulster remain British
Irish Civil War 1922/23
Irish Free State becomes Póblacht na hÉireann
1969 Outbreak of Violence in Northern Ireland, British army intervenes
1969-1986
A flood of violence shakes Northern Ireland (and England a bit)
IRA
UDA and UVF on Protestant side
Ebbs after 1985 and stops completely before the end if the 20th cent
1985: Anglo Irish Agreement
Agreement between UK and Ireland
End to Troubles in Northern Ireland
No Change in Constitutional Position of Northern Ireland unless a majority of its‘ people agreed to join the republic
Irish 1981 Hunger Strike as Culmination of a five year protest during the Troubles by Irish rep Prisoners in North Ireland
Irish demographics
Since 1971 1.5 million to 1.8 million population increase of Northern Ireland
1960s
2/3 Protestants
1/3 Catholics
Today about 50/50 Catholics and Protestants
Persons
Bernadette Devlin
Fighter for the Catholics civil rights
Part of the August,1969,
Battle of the Bogside
in Derry
Margaret Thatcher
PM(1979-1990)
Leader Conserv. party (1975-1990)
Ian Paisley
DUP Leader
Speech(slides)
Rejection of agreement
Also rejected by Republicans
Máiread Corrigan(27th January 1944)
Co Founder with Betty Williams of the Community of Peace People
Brighton Hotel Bombing
IRA bombed Hotel (Slides)
Newspaper reports
6th Oct 2005
Ulster/Iraq
Northern Irish History
432 AD: ST Patrick's mission starts
1169 arrival of ANGLO-NORMANS
1366 Statutes of Kilkenny prohibit use of Gaelic language
1649: Cromwell's devastating victory over Irish armies
slogen:
to hell or to Connaught
All major
Catholic landowners
replaced
with protestants
1690: Battle of the BOYNE
William III of Orange defeats the Irish armies
memorised by
Ulster Protestants annually in Orange Marches of 12th July
Irish Catholics are deprived of all civil rights by the PENAL LAWS
1801 IRELAND made a part of Britain
1829 Catholic Emancipation
1845-49: Great Famine: Irelands Population from 8.5 to 5 million(emigration)
1916 : Easter Rising, formation of IRA
1921/22: foundation of the IRISH FREE STATE
six counties of Ulster remain British(NI)
1922/23
Irish Civil War
between Free Staters and Republicans
1949: Irish Free State becomes Poblacht na hEireann(Republic of Ireland)(independent State)
1969 OUTBREAK OF VIOLENCE IN Northern Ireland, BRITISH ARMY INTERVENES
Battle of the Bogside
(August)
Bernadette DEVLIN
fighter for Catholics
civil rights
youngest woman ever elected to parliament
radical feminist
took PLACE in DERRY
12-14 August
PROTESTING against LOYALIST Apprentice Boys of Derry parade
along
city walls
past
nationalist Bogside
area of the city
compare with:
John Bull kicking out an Irishman IRA fighter kicking out John Bulls soldier
POPULATION OF Northern Ireland
increased from 1.5 to 1.8 million since 1971
religious tendencies
1960s
2/3 Protestants,1/3 Catholics
today
50/50
Protestant East, Catholic West
derry mainly Catholic
Belfast more protestant
Londonderry = PROTESTANT QUARTER
2011 Census
41% Protestant Churches
19% Presbyterian
13% Church of Ireland
3 % Methodist
Catholic Church 40%
1972: Bloody Sunday: lord widgery's report
Between 1969 and 1985 wave of violence
in NI and also a bit England
terrorists on Catholic side
UDA and UVF
on Protestant side
stops at the end of 20th century
ebbs 1958
Brighton Bombing 1984
thatcher
UNCOMPROMISING ATTITUDE TOWARDS Northern Ireland
attack by IRA on Grand Hotel in the English resort town of BRIGHTON
bomb detonated where many politicians including thatcher were staying for conference
1985: Anglo-Irish Agreement
between UK and Ireland
Irish government got advisory role in NI government
no change in the constitutional position of NI unless a majority of people agreed to join the republic
signed by THATCHER
and
FitzGerald
DUP-Leader
AGAINST !
republicans AGAINST
Garry Adams
a disaster for the nationalist cause
Charles Haughey
Agreement in Conflict with Articles 2 and 3 of Constitution of Ireland
British jurisdiction in NI forbidden
presently LEO VARADKAR
is Taoiseach of EIRE**
1997 PEACE TALKS between the three strands
1998 GOOD FRIDAY AGREEMENT
legislation required either parallel consent or 60% majority
supported by
71% of NI population
15th august
**in OMAGH,County Tyrone
paramilitary bomb attack by RIRA
(Splinter of IRA)
members OPPOSED to Belfast Agreement
cardinal O'Fiaich,Armagh
less critical stances on Irish republicanism
opposition to Cardinal Conway and Cahal Daly
1999: power Sharing Executive(NI assembly) started in Nov but suspended in Feb 2000
Westminster imposes direct rule again
2007
local government is restored to Northern Ireland**
after the conclusion of decommissioning process
Ian Paisley(dem.Unionist) and Martin McGuinness(Sinn Fein)
sworn in as leader and deputy
stormont castle Belfast, main meeting place of NI EXECUTIVE
4 party executive of 12 ministers
Paisley resigned 2008 from DUP party(40 yrs leader) and PM
died 2014
Peter Robinson(2nd leader of DUP) expected to take his place
resigns
Arlene Foster(new Head of
DUP
) new
first Minister until Jan 2017**
May 2011
Queen Elizabeth II shakes hands with
Martin McGuinness at WINDSOR CASTLE(Reuters)
May 2015
Prince of Wales and Gerry Adams shake hands in GALWAY
January 2017
resignation of deputy First Minister McGuinness of republican Sinn Fein
protest. over a costly renewable energy subsidy scheme
abuse of program
Arlene Foster(DUP) had to resign too
dissolution of government
new elections held on March 2nd 2017
Mc Guinness died March 21st 2017
O'Neill succeeded as Sinn Fein's Stormont leader
1 more item...
belfast flag riots 2012/13
described as alien, bizarre,offensive , embittered and radically disaffected, not knowing what they want
Northern Irish Culture
Orange Order Parade
Mairead Corrigen
(born 27th Jan 1944) and
Betty Williams
COMMUNITY OF PEACE PEOPLE
(1965)
peaceful **resolution of NI conflict
**co-recipients of PEACE NOBEL PRIZE in 1977
CORRYMEELA
promote reconciliation and peace building through healing of social, religious and political divisions
BOBBY SANDS
Victim of
IRA-Hunger Strike
(1981)(2nd Strike)
culmination of a five year protest
irish republican prisoners
blanket protest in 1976
when British Government withdrew Special Category Status for convicted paramilitary prisoners
prisoners
VS.
PM thatcher
MP
10 prisoners starved themselves to death, including SANDS
Sinn Fein Mainstream political party
nationalist politics radicalised
BREXIT
backstop
NI remains in EU Home Market and in the EU Customs Union
Rest of UK
only remain in
EU Customs Union
case: hard Brexit
united Ireland
62% Voters
loyalist(nationalist) murals
illegal
no art
not effective
not representative
still
(loyalist)murals are a barometer of political ideology and thus reveal current status of each of these political beliefs and militant attitudes
Tradition since 1908
commemorate importans historical events for the Ulster Protestants
categories
King Billy
flags/inanimate depictions
historical themes
military images since mid 1980s
Memorials
humorous political cartoons
examples
King Billy Mural
Battle of the Boyne William
(Billy I)
compare with Jacques Louis David, Napoleon...(1799)
King Billy II
King Billy III
good Friday/Anglo-Irish-Agreement Mural
Republican Murals
since end of
1970s
(beginning of hunger strikes)
categories
hunger strike and blanket protest
Military Images
Elections
historical/mythological
repression
comparison of Republican struggle to the international revolution
Examples
Anti Orange March Mural I
Anti Orange March Mural II
Brit gov and Army accused of colluding with NI Loyalist terrorist troops at the expense of the Catholic population group
