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A&P 2 (Endocrine (Primary Endocrine Glands (Hypothalamus &…

- - - - Anabolism vs Catabolism
        
        Anabolism - component of metabolism for build/form new cells like hypertrophy
        
        Catabolism - degradation/ breakdown of tissue during metabolism generate energy. Loss of lean tissue due to stress
        Classification of hormones eg testosterone = anabolic hormone, cortisol = catabolic hormone.
      - Steroids
        
        synthesised from cholesterol, are fat soluble
        transported via other hormones until in cell membrane to DNA
        Interact with DNA slower reacting
        Only adrenal cortex, gonads and placenta produce steroids
        
        Testosterone and cortisol
      - Peptides
        
        synthesised from amino acids transported by blood plasma and faster acting than steroid
        
        Insulin, glucagon, growth hormone, leptin
      - Glands
        
        secrete most hormones (some via organs eg pancreas)
        
        Endocrine - 'ductless' so secrete space around gland
        Exocine - via ducts through secrete
  - - - Primary regulate blood glucose ensure brain sufficient energy
        Secrete Insulin (move glucose blood to muscles/liver) and glucagon (move glucose back to blood)
        Below duodenum of small intestine
      - Regulation blood glucose by insulin and glucagon
        maintain 4-8 mmol/l range homeostatis
        Insulin - effects muscles, liver and tissues transport & store excess glucose even when full. Diabetics - impaired reaction to lower glucose
        Glucagon help release glucose from liver, also Adrenaline & Cortisol released help increase circulation
      - Hypoglycaemia/Hyperglycaemia
    - - Tiny organs on top of each Kidney
        Assist sympathetic nervous sys - stress management, kidney function, metabolism
        Control heart rate, blood pressure, breathing rate, mobilis fat
        Catecholamines - adenaline & noradrenaline released by adrenal
      - Adrenaline/ epinephrine - used for fight/flight
        Secreted large quantities in blood stimulate heart, lungs, muscles
        Increase 02 volume and metabolism glucose, protein, fats stored
      - Noradrenaline/norepinephrine - collab adrenaline same outcome, accelerate action
      - Cortisol - glucocorticoid hormone reduce transport amino acid to cells/ inhibit protein synthesis.
        Triggered by emotional stress, infection, phys exertion, trauma
        Essential role - signal hormones metabolism carbs when glycogen low initiates breakdown amino acid>> glucose ensure CNS has energy
        Greater effect on type 2 muscle fibres as has more protein
    - - Testes
        
        Male sex glands ,behind penis in lower pelvis
        Testosterone - is anabolic (building) hormone released for promote masculinisation concentration higher in men
        Build muscle, reduce fat, increase red blood cells
      - Ovaries
        
        female sex glands lower lateral region pelvis
        excrete Oestrogen and Progesterone for dev pre/post puberty
        Control growth breast tissue, body hair & fat
        Also release testosterone
    - - consists of 2 lobes like butterfly. anterior larynx/pharynx
      - Thyroid - secrete thyroxine perform metabolic process - increase rate, heat prod, breakdown carb, fats, protein
        Regulated by thyroid stimulating hormone of Hypothalamus/Pit gland
        Hypothyroidism(under active)/ hyperthyroidism (over) affects other organs
      - Parathyroid - posterior Thyroid
        Secrete parathyroid hormone regulates Ca in blood essential contractions, nerve impulse and blood clotting
    - - Base of brain act as control physio response
      - Hypothalamus - regulation nervous sys, appetite, thirst, temp, emotions, sex behaviour. Sits above Pituitary gland
      - Pituitary Gland - controlled by Hypothalamus secretes growth and trophic hormones. Size of pea.
      - Growth hormone most abundant by Pituitary, stimulates anabolic process eg development cells of muscle, regulate metabolism, breakdown fats, increase glucose, protein synthesis
      - Trophic hormones - from Pituitary target endocrine gland
        Thyroid stimulating hormone - growth/activity of thyroid gland
- - - - Sensory -
        
        Stimuli - millions sensory receptors detect changes int/ext via nerve network for brain to process
        
        Afferent nerves - sensory neurons monitor /detect temp, sound, taste, acid, gas, light
      - Interpretation
        
        Nerve impulses - sense input converted into electrical signals to brain for thoughts, sensations, decisions, memories
      - Motor output
        
        Motor signals/ Efferents - signals to muscles & glands increase/decrease activity
  - - - Vascular & Autonomic Systems
        
        Baroreceptors - pressure receptors in larger arteries eg aorta feedback CNS
        
        Vasodilation - passive stretch due to pressure like balloon
        Vasoconstriction - constriction arteries supply non-active tissue
        Both divert blood to muscles where needed
        
        Increase BPM >> blood volume>> pressure>>detected tell CNS>> parasymp inhibitory response Vasodilation to active tissue// Vasoconstriction non-active
      - Function
        
        Receive feedback via Internal sensory organs
        
        Baroreceptors - pressure organs/vessels
        Chemoreceptors - concentration gas in blood
        Osmoreceptors - concentration H20 in blood
        Proprioceptors - pressure/deform muscle reflexes
        Thermoreceptors - internal temp
        
        Role to regulate/ control - hormone, organ activity, smooth/cardiac muscle, body temp digestion, BPM, blood pressure
      - Subsystems
        
        Sympathetic - stimulate organs speed up for exercise eg stimulate heart increase BPM
        
        Parasympathetic - inhibitory reduce activity of organ, stimulate smooth/cardiac tissue relax stretch dilate. Meditation, yoga have similar effect
    - - -Motor neurons - bulk of this nervous sys, trigger activate muscle tissue
      - -Motor unit - motor neuron and muscle fibres it innervates/excites
      - -Motor pool - group motor units within a muscle (act as single contraction)
    - - 2 types
        
        Efferents - transmit info from CNS to muscles, glands & organs response from interpretation of stimulus eg stretch reflex oppose stretch.
        
        Afferents - feedback from receptors signals to CNS spinal cord (dorsal, posterior)
      - Neurotransmitters
        
        Nerve communication use chemical messengers nerve end at synapse
        Start electrical in nerve to synapse becomes chemical then electrical next nerve
        Impulses lightning speed
        
        Common types
        
        Dopamine (brain comms)
        Acetylcholine (muscle comms)
        Adrenaline (varied)
        Noradrenaline (varied)
        
        Adrenaline & Noradrenaline(epinephrine)- released by sympathetic nerves stimulate response (fight/flight)
        Acelytcholine - released by parasympathetic suppress/ inhibit activity of organs/cells. Sometimes used for excite cells
  - - - Cell body - brain of cell regulates activity, contains nucleus & DNA
      - Dendrites - tree like structure receive info from other nerve ends and relay to cell body
      - Axon - long fibre transmit info away from cell to terminal end
      - Myelin sheath - fatty sheath protective insulating for axon enable impulses
      - Terminal end - axon/synaptic terminal with sacs(vesicles) store/release neurotransmitters for nerve function
      - Nodes of Ranvier - non-insulated spaces in axon allow rapid electric jump next myelin (depolarisation/repolarisation). Also allow nutrient/waste move
    - - Each neuron connects another via Synapse
        At synapse neurotransmitter released convert chemical
        Dendrites of efferent nerves receive chemical >> electrochemical signal = Action Potential along Axon to terminal ends
        Repeat process until reach muscle/organ
        Myelin sheath helps speed up action potential along neuron
        Sodium-potassium pump - initiate/maintain electric signals, moves Na+ outside nerve and K+ into nerve causing electric charge along nerve (needs ATP)
  - - - Muscle spindles/ intrafusal muscle fibres - protect sarcomere (muscle fibre) if at risk injury by stretch reflex
      - Golgi tendon organs(GTO) - where muscle tendons join and detect tension of tendons if strain too high override and inhibit muscle
    - - Techniques - Static, dynamic, Ballistic, PNF (CR - Contract relax) and PNF (CRAC - contract relax agonist contract)
      - PNF - fastest effective way increase static passive flexibility
  - - - Large strain on neuromus sys, need feedback on quality eg mirrors, AV, verbal
        Participant must be rested and never fatigued before starting
        Structured, short duration and high frequency to
        When become subconscious then increase time/intensity
      - Equipment - stability discs, balls, BOSU, cones, kettle bells, wobble boards, foot ladder
      - Method
        
        Reduce speed activity/movement - slow rehearse, once correct then speed up
        
        Whole/Part/Whole - break skill down smaller components master in isolation then piece together. Useful for multiple attributes eg balance, speed, coord
        
        Layering - opp of WholePartWhole. Add new skills to activity make more complex demanding
      - Neural adaptations -
        
        Forces nervous system adapt to training stimulus
        
        increase strength synapse,
        
        form new synapse pathways to muscle
        
        improve intra/inter muscle coord
        
        increase twitch frequency, synchronis motor units
        
        become automated reflexive
      - Plyometric training
        
        mode of advanced resistance training increase ability muscles reach max force in short time involves jumping, landing, bounding
        fast ballistic movements after rapid pre-stretch action eg jumping
        
        Stretch shortening Cycle SSC -
        
        PEC- Parallel elastic components elastic energy from muscle fascia
        
        SEC - series of elastic components main mechanism generate power elastic within muscle/tendons
        
        Stretch reflex - involunt contraction combined with voluntary ontraction
        
        Voluntary contraction active muscles after rapid pre-stretch generate power
        
        assist voluntary rapid muscle contraction key to plyometric. Enhance concentric contraction making explosive/powerful. Like spring coil, stores energy max power short period
        
        Phases utilise SSC
        
        Phase 1 Eccentric Muscle Action
        
        Rapid lengthen/stretch active muscles during landing.
        Active muscles decelerate movement /absorb shock Generate elastic energy in SEC
        
        Phase 2 - Transition/ Amortisation
        
        Time betw end 1 & start 3 crucial amount force for Phase 3
        Shock absorption/ energy waste stage
        Goal reduce time in Phase 1 - minimise energy loss
        
        Phase 3 - Concentric Muscle Action
        
        Shortening phase where all energy from previous 2 unleashed
        Energy from stretch reflex, SEC & PEC + volunt release max force
        Sum 4 mechanisms >> force than individual esp min phase 2
        
        Examples
        
        Jump lunge, Frog squat, Hopping, Bounding, Tuck jump, clap pressups, lateral lunge jump
    - - Motor programme/engram - info stored in motor cortex from electric impulse muscles for movement. More same action repeated more efficient neuromuscular engage smoother /accuracy
      - Repetition - > 2k high qual reps efficient motor programme.
        Reps increase # of synapses betw nerves pathways to muscle. Increase strength & fitness of the required muscles.
        Must be perfect repetition as bad technique hard correct later/
      - Attributes - Balance, speed, agility, coordination, reaction, spatial awareness, power.
- - - - assist move and load best in neutral spine pressure whole spine
      - 2 components
        
        nucleus pulposus - mid disc gel of collag, water and glucose
        
        annulus fibrosus - fluid surround nucleus more prominant on outer
    - - Neural arch/ canal (vert arch) - made by 2 thick processes (post)
      - Vertebral foramen - in neural arch for spine cord and fat
      - Pedicles - allow nerves and spine vessels from spine
    - - anterior spinal ligament not as active to allow greater flex than extension
      - has vast mechanoreceptors sensory detect deform and stretch
      - more elastic than other ligaments and activate when away from neutral pos
      - posterior spinal ligament resist anterior move (strongest)
  - - - Passive - bone, ligament, cartil etc tension & stability passive restrain no energy required
      - Active - skele muscles requires energy contract
      - Neural - various sensory receptors activate muscles
    - - Issues - age, injury, genetics, sedentary etc
      - Birth defect
      - Environ - work/leisure, diet, footwear, obesity, overuse, pregnancy
    - - tight muscles lengthened, weak strengthened, long shortened
      - balance body carry own weight and gravity min effort and limit joint compress
    - - Static posture - alignment when stand, sit, lie. LOG determine stress of gravity
      - Dynamic - align while moving - adjustments feedback via receptors anticipate known tasks
  - - - Imbibition - process nourish intervert discs via movement
      - Low back pain - most common 80% UK pop
    - - Tight quads, hip flex
      - Weak hams, glutes, core
      - exaggerated curve lumbar
    - - excessive curve upper thoracic/low cervical
      - tight pect major, upper traps
      - Weak lower traps
    - - lean fwd when walking lumbar flat
      - tight hams, rect abdom
      - weak hip flex
    - - abnormal lumbar curve due high heels
      - tight hams
      - weak hip flex
    - - transverse plane deviation lateral curve
      - spine cannot flex without rotating
      - common females esp puberty
  - - - stability to axial skeleton like onion layers muscle & fascia
      - train all 29 muscles in lumbo pelvic region
      - Force couple - relationship betw unrelated muscles
      - Stabilisers work oppose /prevent move like tent wires
      - ability move limbs while optimal posture, no unwanted movement
      - Muscles
        
        Local - transverse abdom, quad, pelvic floor, internal obliques
        
        Global - erector spinae, rectus abdom, ext oblique
      - Exercises - functional for core region for non machine/equip
        Preference bodyweight over equipment
        Poor posture when static also when moving.
        Visual assess first check posture
      - Benefits - reduce risk injury & pain, improve power, posture, balance, motor skills
    - - Local (deep stabiliser muscles) work as sensory stabilisors prevent unwanted move
      - Global (larger superficial) mechanical advantage lever across joints force
      - Synergistic dominance - imbalance global & local muscles common gluts & hamstrings
    - - pressure gases in abdomin for stabilise lumbar & thoracic
      - core muscles supposed eleviate IAP by compress gas stiffen lower spine for stability
      - Aponeurosis - sheets connective tendon tissue attach muscles limited blood supply
    - - Corset - abdom, lower back obliq
      - Lid - diaphram
      - Base - pelvic floor
    - - core stability greatest when pressure abs and core synchronised & equal eg pelvic floor, diaphragm, low back muscles
    - - sheet connective ligament tissue posterior lumbar and lower thoracics
      - primary stabilise lumbar thoracic and assist sacroiliac stable also role transmit force load spine, pelvis & legs
      - glut max connected to TLF
    - - small triangle muscles hammock base of spine
      - muscles - levator ani and coccygeus
      - functions - intra ab pressure, stable pelvic girdle, control loo
      - Exercises for slow and fast twitch (do not squeeze butt, knees in lift shoulders or hold breath)
      - Stabilisation - 20 muscles attach pelvis for stability
    - - important engage abdominal in exercise
      - weakness cause compensation strain
      - anchor traps, levator scaulae, pec min,,rhomboids
      - weakness scapula lower lateral, medial flares,
    - - centre gravity shift cause shear forces lumbar spine pain
      - android shape - genetic store fat on abdomin
      - gynoid - store fat hips and waist
- - - - Digestion - Food break down smaller nutrients
      - Absorption - uptake & how body use nutrients for function
      - Excretion - remove unwanted harmful substance
    - - Mechanical
        
        Mastication/chewing - primer for chemical
        
        Relies teeth & tongue make 'bolus' ball to swallow
        
        Peristalsis - smooth muscle digestive organs involuntary waves push food
      - Chemical
        
        Enzymes - protein by body make reactions faster
    - - aka Gastrointestinal tract/ Alimentary canal
      - average adult
        
        transit time food pass through 24-72hrs
        
        9metre length of hollow organs
      - Mouth
        
        mastication makes salivary glands release saliva
        
        Saliva - 3 functions
        
        moisten food into ball 'bolus'
        
        dig enzyme amylase breakdown carbs to glucose
        
        mix antibodies kill bacteria in food
        
        30-60 seconds chew & swallow each mouthful food (ave)
      - Pharynx (throat)
        
        both respiratory & digestive function
        
        connects mouth, nose to oesophagus
        
        swallowing lasts 1-3 seconds
    - - 10 inches length connect throat to stomach
      - runs parallel to trachea (windpipe) has flap (epiglottis)
      - epiglottis flap protect and close trachea during swallow
      - 5-8 seconds deliver food (medium bolus) to stomach
    - - J shaped organ just below sternum - expand 8 times of empty
      - Chyme - think liquid from peristaltic action mix churn with gastric juice
      - 3 diff layers arranged into muscle folds - churn food (peristaltic action)
      - Hydrochloric acid - kill bacteria potent, stomach lining mucus protection
      - Pepsin enzyme - breakdown protein only work within acidic
      - Alcohol - absorbed directly in stomach - quick in bloodstream
      - 3-4hrs empty stomach depend hydration, physical
    - - long flat gland deep in abdomen next to stomach
      - essential functions
        
        produce digestion enzymes - trypsin (protein), amylas (carbs), lipase (fats)
        
        create blood regulating hormones - insulin (lower blood gluc) & glucagon (raise blood gluc)
        
        produce bicarbonate neutralise acid
      - vital support but not involved digestion
    - - Bladder - 4 inch pear shaped organ
      - stores bile made by liver and sends to small intestine via bile ducts
      - Bile - acid, salts, cholesterol and H20 emulsify fats from stomach to small intestine enable absorbtion
    - - Largest gland in body weighs 3lbs and below diaphragm
      - Range functions
        
        store carbs as glycogen, vitamins and iron
        
        hormone production
        
        blend emulsify fats
        
        excrete old blood cells
        
        make bile and cholesterol
        
        filter toxins
    - - longest intestine 5-6 mtres in average adult
      - Duodenum - 10inch 1st section food from stomach
      - Jejunum - 2nd and longest where absorption
      - Ileum - final 3-4 cm long remaining absorption
      - Cilia - internal hair like help absorb via blood supply
      - Nutrients absorbed to Liver - 1st organ given nutrients but also toxins like alcohol need detox. Excess can damage liver
      - 3-4 hours food pass through (stomach & small intest 6-8hrs)
    - - primary site for excretion
      - functions
        
        re absorb water from waste
        
        make Vit B & K
        
        excrete waste
      - 1.5mtr long - ascending, transverse, descending to rectum
      - build up stretch sensation for toilet
      - 4-72hours store waste ave 36hrs before excretion
  - - - Preferred source energy - Each gram = 4 Kcal
      - Complex - provide slow release energy key for exercise
        rice, potato, pasta, porride
      - Simple - quick absorb not sustain ideally minimise
        best source fruits incl vitamins. Free sugars in honey, juice
      - Glucose - digested carbs into blood as immed energy
      - Glycogen - stored reserves of glucose in liver or muscle
      - Function
        
        Prevent body using muscle protein as energy
        
        Best source energy for nervous sys and brain
        
        Needed for water store fn - 1gram glycogen 3gram H20
      - Should be 55-60% daily intake
    - - Plant based carbs not digest small intestine
      - Essential optimal digestive health transport gastrointestinal tract
      - Soluble fibre - absorb water slow down digestion eg oats, lentils, beans
      - Insoluble fibre - bulk foods help pass food eg bran, vege
    - - Primary growth maintain repair cells & energy if no carbs
      - Muscles mostly protein also blood, hair, skin etc
      - Amino acids - building block form protein tissues
      - Meat, fish, dairy all 20 amino acids, Veg also but less
      - Function
        
        Grow repair body tissue,
        
        Make hormones and enzymes
        
        transport 02 regulate clotting
        
        Energy source when insuff carbs
        
        Should be 10-12% daily intake
    - - Rich source energy 1gram = 9 KCal
      - Saturated - increase pressure, soft low density stick walls blood vessels solid at room temp eg animal/dairy
      - Unsaturated - most benefit reduce blood pressure liquid room temp eg avoc, nuts, seeds. Poly and mono
      - Should 25-30% daily intake (15-20% unsaturated)
      - Function
        
        Source energy cardio when 02
        
        Transport vitamin A,D,E & K
        
        Protect organs and insulate
        
        Key for hormone manufacture
    - - Soft waxy in fats in blood and cells
      - important forn of cell, hormones and function
      - Atherosclerosis - heart disease - stick blood vessel clog narrow
    - - Largest component of body - 45-70% body
      - Recommend 2-2.5ltres daily
      - Functions
        
        regulate temp
        
        reduce train cardio pressure
        
        deliver nutrients in blood
        
        elim waste & prevent constipation
        
        lubricate joints & tissues
      - Euhydration - optimal hydration improve exercise and sport
      - Urine analysis - monitor hydration dark = dehydration
  - - - compounds need to function and growth
      - Organic compounds - no energy but facilitate release broken down by heat, acid, air via metabolism
      - cannot make only ingest food rich supply
    - - Inorganic compound - regulatory & structure role not broken down
      - No energy but essential energy process
  - - - Positive energy balance - consume energy > required
      - Negative energy balance - consume less than required recommend 500KCal pd max stable metabolism
        3500 KCal pw loss = 2 pounds/ .9kg loss
      - Energy equilibrium - consume = required
    - - 5 portion F&V pd
      - Whole grain where poss
      - Min 2 portion fish pw oily
      - unsaturated oils
      - Reduce high fat, salt sugar
      - drink 6-8 glass/ 2-2.5L water pd
      - eat wide variety pd
      - always eat breakfast
    - - Lethargy, cancer, osteo, fat, depressed, colds, constipation
- - - - Primary exchange 02 for C02 controlled by lungs helped by muscles involuntarilty & volun
      - Inspiration - process breathe in Expiration - process breathe out
      - Atmospheric air - around body sustain life & exercise
      - Aerobic energy system - Expired air less 02 & more C02
      - Diaphragm & intercostal muscles increase size thoracic cavity reduce pressure gas high to low pressure rushes in
      - Lungs not expand/recoil themselves pull diaphragm & ribs elevation
      - External intercostal elevate ribs (inspiration) Internal (expiration)
      - Accessory respiratory muscles help during exercise - scalene, sternocleidmastoid, traps, lat dorsi pec major & minor
        (At rest mainly diaphragm)
      - AKA Pulmonary/Ventilatory system - lungs, muscles and airways
      - External respiration (pulmonary respiration)- exchange gas by diffusion alveoli & capiliary
      - Internal respiration - exchange gas betw capiliaries and cells body tissue (not via arteries/veins too thick)
      - Respiratory control - involuntary but can exert vol pressure
        Respiratory centre nerve cells control rate/depth breathe
        Chemoreceptors - respond high C02 increase rate/depth
    - - Function supply 02 body demands & elim waste C02
      - Structure - 1kg holds 4-6 litres air, left slight smaller nr heart
      - Pleural sac membrane cover and closes each lung
        into sections lobes Left has 2 lobes vs Right has 3
      - Volume - Normal 15 respir cycles pm. Dead space 150ml healthy
        Types - Tidal, Resid, Vital cap, Total lung cap, Alveolar ventil
        Tidal vol approx 500ml in/out lungs each breath
    - - how atmospheric and lung air exchanges
      - Mouth & nose 3 functions - warm, moisten & purify air before enter
      - Pharynx (throat) & larynx (voice) to Trachea (windpipe)
        to bronchus split left and right lung bronchioles to alveoli (sacs)
        capiliaries around alveoli send C02 then receive 02 for use
      - Dead space - air not exchanged, reduces when exercise
    - - Capiliaries - 1 cell thick able exchange gas & nutrients
      - Diffusion - process auto action gas & nutrient high to low concentrations. Faster in exercise & concentrations
  - - - 4 chamber organ behind sternum, front of left lungs
      - Functions - pump deoxygenated blood from body to lungs
        pump oxygenated blood from body to use as energy
      - Structure - strong muscle pump 3 layers cardia tissue
        
        Pericardium - outer case 2 sacs (outer fibrous, inner serum membrane)
        
        Myocardium - wall & bulk of heart multinucleated lattice
        one cell stimulated rapid all. No anaerobic ability relies arteries
        
        Endocardium - smooth inner lining
        
        4 chambers - Atria -Upper Ventricles Lower
        Septum - thick wall divide L&R
        
        Atrioventricular valves - ensure blood one direction atria to ventricles pressure shuts valves
        
        Oxygenated blood LHS >> pressure than deoxy RHS
        Bicuspid/Mitral LHS. Tricuspid atrioventicular valve RHS,
        
        Semi lunar betw ventricles & arteries regulate prevent back flow.
        Pulmonary valve - betw right ventricle and pulm artery,
        Aortic valve - betw left ventricle and aorta
      - Cardiac Cycle - Pathway blood through heart
        
        Deoxyg blood via RHS atrium via vena carva (largest vein)//
        Oxyg blood enters LHS atrium via pulmonary vein
        70% blood pass to ventricles, 30% remains atria
        Diastole phase - blood into atria fill bottom up
        Systole - Myocardium contract force blood to ventricles & valve shuts. Myocardium rapid recoil inject blood ventricle to vascular system
      - Heart rate - # beats pm
        
        Beat is close valves end of systole
        Contractions separated by .02-.06 sec
        
        Normal depend age, size, temp etc
        Resting 60-80 BPMadult 70-90 child
        
        Bradycardia - resting < 60BPM - insufficent oxyg
        Tachycardia resting > 100BPM less blood oxyg delivered
        Hypoxic - lack 02 excessive BPM
        
        Sinoatrial node - regulate BPM by endocrine sys and elec impulse contraction
        Atrioventricular node - delay contraction for fill then impulse via purkinje fibres
    - - Pulmonary circulation - blood from heart (pulmonary artery) to lungs & oxygen blood lung to heart (pulmonary vein)
      - Systemic circulation - deliver oxygen blood heart to body tissue collect deoxyg blood back via vena cava
      - Arteries narrow to arterioles then capil/ Veins to venules
      - Vasodilation - when rest stretch widen arteries of elastin
        Vasoconstriction - constrict arteries send blood to active tissue
    - - Coronary Circulation - Network blood vessels supply 02
      - Function - keep Myocardium supplied blood and 02 as no anaerobic relies on arteries
      - Coronary arteries - span heart's surface deliver nutrients, gases to myocardial cells
        
        Left CA splits - Left Anterior descending and Left circumflex send 02 to myocard left atrium & ventricle
        
        Right CA - send 02 right atrium & ventricle
        
        Most blood to heart via Systole
        02 & nutrients uptake Diastole
      - Coronary Veins - transport de oxygen blood myocard to vena cava then lungs for re-oxygen
    - - Atherosclerosis - narrow artery by atheroma (cholesterol harmful LDL low density lipoteins)
        Ischemia - shortage 02 & glucose nutrient deficit lead to Angina attack
        Embolism - atheroma block blood to body part
        Myocardial infarction/Heart attack - embolism block coronary arteries
      - Arterioschlerosis - arteries elastic tissue waste & walls hardens cannot dilate spike blood pressure
      - Blood pressure
        
        force of blood on artery walls resistance to heart contraction
        
        Systolic - pressure in arteries during systole blood from heart
        Diastolic - pressure arteries during diastole rest/fill heart
        Blood pressure = Systolic/ Diastolic mmHg
        
        Mod vigor exercise - temp increas systolic pressure.
        Rises initially 180 mmHG then vasodilate stable 140 mmhg
        Diastolic pressure unchanged exerc - rare increas > 10mmHg
      - Hypertension- sustained high blood pressure.
        140/90 mmHg min 2 tests by med expert
        Abdom obesity greatest risk factor
        High assoc heart/cardovascular disease
        Contraindication - plank, bridge, resistance, anaerobic, valsalva manouvre
      - Lifestyle changes reduce risk - more exercise, no smoke/alcohol, avoid saturated fats, eat less fat sugar salt, lots water, manage stress
      - Exercise
        
        Response
        
        Adaptations
      - Hypotension - low pressure lead dizzy, faint.
        reduce blood restrict exercise capacity.
      - Lipoproteins (PLP)
        
        Low density LDL - interact cholesterol & protein. C> P Bad sticky artery wall risk heart disease
        Free radicals damage cells, bind LDL walls> inflam
        
        High density HDL - interact cholest & protein-
        P> C Good clean LDL from walls
        Made by liver, return LDL to liver convert to bile
        Healthy diet & exercise makes more HDL
        
        Interaction fat & protein. Fat not H20 soluble in blood must bind PLP Eat fat more PLP send fat to mitochondrion or storage
        
        Measure blood cholesterol mmol/L
        NICE - recomm total cholest < 5 mmol/L LDL < 3 mmol/L .
        Key for health HDL>> LDL - HDL/ Total cholesterol
      - Hypercholesterolemia - high cholesterol PLP risk CVD