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Kimberly Sandoval (Major structures and functions of the eye. (lens,…
Kimberly Sandoval
Major structures and functions of the eye.
lens
ciliary body- pulls on the lens to change its shape
iris- changes shape in order to allow what amount of light is let in
aqueous humor- thick- fluid that fills the space between the cornea and the lens
pupil - opens and closes and controls hoe much light can get in.
virtuous humor- gel-like fluid helps keep the round shape of the eye
cornea- sallows light to pass into the eye
retina- photoreceptors ,converts light to nerve impulses
choroid- blood vessels , brings nourishment to the eye
blind spot- connects to the optic nerve
sclera- protective layer of the eye
optic nerve- connection between the eye and the brain
muscles- move the eye within the eye socket
Diseases associated with the endocrine system-
hypothyroidism- symptoms are fatigue, weakness, weight gain, difficulty loosing weight. Can cause cretinism- adult body portions remain child-like.
cushing's disease- too much cortisol in your body for a prolonged period of time
Goiter- thyroid need iodine causing the thyroid to swell up.
Diabetes type 1- no beta cells ( beta cells control blood sugar levels) , cells burn far or protein instead of sugar.
graves disease- autoimmune disorder causes hyperthyroidism , heat intolerance and anxiety.
Hyperthyroidism- high metabolic rate, rapid heart beat, weight loss and nervousness.
Diabetes type 2: body makes insulin, but cells don't respond to it. 80% people get because they are over-weight.
Imbalnces of GH; in child results in gigantism, in children results in acromegaly- overgrowth in hands feet and face.
glucocorticoid- effects neck
Major glands/organs functions
adrenals
pineal body -egulate the body's metabolism, the balance of salt and water in the body, the immune system, and sexual function. Also, body cope with physical and emotional stress by increasing the heart rate and blood pressure.
parathyroids-regulating calcium levels in the blood and bone metabolism.
thyroid-regulates the body's metabolism. It also plays a role in bone growth and development of the brain and nervous system in children
ovaries -estrogen, progesterone, eggs, estrogen , breast growth ,restoration and pregnancy
pituitary -produces hormones that control many functions of other endocrine glands.
testes- sexual development, growth of facial hair and pubic hair as well as sperm production.
hypothalamus- important in regulation of satiety, metabolism, and body temperature. In addition, it secretes hormones that stimulate or suppress the release of hormones in the pituitary gland
Diseases associated with the eye
hyperopia ( farsightedness)-occurs when the parallel light rays from distant objects are focused behind retina.
myopia (nearsightedness)- distant objects focused in front of retina rather in it
astigmatism-unequal curvatures in different parts of the cornea or lens leads to blurry vision.
color blindness - inherited as x-linked condition, more common in males than females, most re-green color blindness.
glaucoma- pressure with in the eye raises to dangerous levels and compress the retina and optic nerve. Damage on the optic nerve causes progressive in peripheral vision and eventually lead to blindness.
conjunctivitis- inflammation of the conjunctiva usually from bacteria or viral infection.
cataracts- cloudiness on the lens that causes the world to appear distorted.
names of the hormones produced and functions
non steroid hormones- triggers signal transduction . Which in turn activates, activate proteins inside the cell, causes changes in the cell.
prostaglandis- some relax the smooth muscles , others contract smooth muscles, some stimulate secretion of other hormones or chemicals, some influence blood pressure and others affect reproductive physiology.
steroid hormones - made from cholesterol are lipid and makes specific proteins
amines- norepinephrine, epinephrine, thyroid, hormones
peptides- antidiuretic hormone, oxytocin, thyrotropin releasing hormone
polypeptides and proteins- parathyroid hormone, gh, prolactin
glycoproteins- folic-stimulating hormone, luteinizing hormone, thyroid-stimulating hormone
Signs and symptoms of Diabetes Miletus-
Frequent urination
Extreme hunger.
Increased thirst.
Unexplained weight loss.
Presence of ketones in the urine
fatigue
Irritability
target cells of the hormones -
steroid hormones - nucleus
nonsteroid hormones - signal transduction (cascade)
prostaglandis - nucleated cells
Major functions of the endocrine system:
works nervous system to maintain homeostasis
sexual function and reproduction
heart rate
growth and development
blood pressure
metabolism
appetite
sleeping and waking cycles
body temperature