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Eye and the Endocrine System- Luz Ramirez Per.5 (Major structures and …
Eye and the Endocrine System- Luz Ramirez Per.5
Major glands/organs and their functions
Hypothalamus- regulates safety, metabolism, and body temperature and Secretes hormones that stimulate or suppress the release of hormones in the pituitary glands
Pituitary gland- produces hormones that control many functions of the endocrine system
Thyroid Gland- Produces thyroid hormones to regulate the body's metabolism(T4 and T3)
Parathyroid gland-regulates calcium levels in the blood and bone metabolism.
Adrenal gland- regulate the body's metabolism, the balance of salt and water in the body, the immune system, and sexual function(outer). produces hormones called catecholamines and these help the body cope with physical and emotional stress by increasing the heart rate and blood pressure (inner).
Pineal gland - secretes melatonin that helps the wakesleep cycle o the body
Pancreas- secretes digestive enzymes and insulin and glucagon which regulates the sugar in he blood
Major structures and
functions of the eye
The ciliary body produces the fluid in the eye called aqueous humor. It also contains the ciliary muscle, which changes the shape of the lens when your eyes focus on a near object
The conjunctiva helps lubricate the eye by producing mucus and tears, although a smaller volume of tears than the lacrimal gland. It also contributes to immune surveillance and helps to prevent the entrance of microbes into the eye.
The lens, by changing shape, functions to change the focal distance of the eye so that it can focus on objects at various distances, thus allowing a sharp real image of the object of interest to be formed on the retina
The retina is a thin layer of tissue that lines the back of the eye on the inside. It is located near the optic nerve. The purpose of the retina is to receive light that the lens has focused, convert the light into neural signals, and send these signals on to the brain for visual recognition.
The pupil is a hole located in the centre of the iris of the eye that allows light to strike the retina. It appears black because light rays entering the pupil are either absorbed by the tissues inside the eye directly, or absorbed after diffuse reflections within the eye that mostly miss exiting the narrow pupil.
The job of the optic nerve is to transfer visual information from the retina to the vision centers of the brain via electrical impulses.
The cornea acts as the eye's outermost lens. It functions like a window that controls and focuses the entry of light into the eye
The macula is responsible for giving us clear vision and the ability to see fine detail. Although it is small, it enables us to see "20/20" and allows us to see our world in color.
The Iris makes up the color of the eye.It is a thin, circular structure in the eye, responsible for controlling the diameter and size of the pupil and thus the amount of light reaching the retina.
The retina receives all the nutrients it needs to continue working via blood in the arteries and removes any waste that is produced through veins. Arteries carry blood from the heart around the body, and veins carry it back to the heart.
The sclera is the opaque, fibrous, tough, protective outer layer of the eye (“white of the eye”) that is directly continuous with the cornea in front and with the sheath covering the optic nerve behind. The sclera provides protection and form.
The vitreous body provides physical support holding the retina in place next to the choroid, the blood supply for the outer retina.
Diseases associated with the eye
A retinal disorder or disease affects this very important tissue, which, in turn, can affect vision to the point of blindness.
Conjunctivitis is an inflammation or swelling of the conjunctiva. The conjunctiva is the thin transparent layer of tissue that lines the inner surface of the eyelid and covers the white part of the eye.
Glaucoma is a group of eye conditions that damage the optic nerve, the health of which is vital for good vision. This damage is often caused by an abnormally high pressure in your eye. Glaucoma is one of the leading causes of blindness for people over the age of 60.
Color blindness occurs when you are unable to see colors in a normal way. It is also known as color deficiency. Color blindness often happens when someone cannot distinguish between certain colors. This usually happens between greens and reds, and occasionally blues
A cataract is a clouding of the lens inside your eye. Developing cataracts will cause your sight to become cloudy and misty. Cataracts are treated by surgery, during which the cloudy lens is removed and replaced with an artificial lens
Major functions of the endocrine system
The endocrine system is the collection of glands that produce hormones that regulate metabolism, growth and development, tissue function, sexual function, reproduction, sleep, and mood, among other things.
names of the hormones produced and their target organs along with functions of the hormones
Anterior Pituitary
Adrenocorticotropic Hormone- target adrenal gland,cortex; stimulates to produce its hormones
Prolactin- target mammy glands;stimulates to produce milk
Thyroid-Stimulating Hormone- target thyroid; responsible for the stimulation
Follicle-stimulating Hormones-target follicle cells;stimulates to produce gametes ova in females and sperm in males
Growth Hormone- target are cells; it stimulates growth,repair, and reproduction.
Luteinizing Hormones-target gonads;stimulates to produce the sex hormones
Posterior Pituitary
Antidiuretic Hormones- target kidneys,sweat glands; prevents water loss in body
Oxytocin- targetbreast,uterinest;contraction during childbirth and feeds the baby
Thyroid gland
Thyroid Hormones-target metabolic rate; work together to regulate
Calcitonin- target blood; reduce concentration of calcium ions
Parathyroid Gland
Parathyroid Hormone-target osteoclasts; breaks down calcuim contaning bone matrix to release free calcuim
Adrenal Cortex
Cortisol-target proteins,lipids,inflamation; breakdown to produce glucose
Aldosterone-target mineral ions;regulates the concentration in the body
Adrenal Medulla
Epinephrine-target brain,muscles;help increase the flow of blood to improve "fight-or-flight'
Pancreas
Insulin-target blood; triggers absorption of glucose
Glucagon-target muscle,liver;triggers to break down the polysacharide glycogen to release glucose into bloodstream
Testes
Testosterone-target muscle,bones,sex organs,hair follicles;causes growth and increase in strength
Ovaries
Estrogen- target sex hormones;increase growth,triggers the development of female
Progesterone- target body; maintains appropriate conditions
Pineal Gland
Melatonin-target retina;regulates the human sleep wake cycle
Thymus
Thymosin-target fetal development; produce hormones
Diseases associated with the endocrine system
Hyperthyroidism (overactive thyroid) occurs when your thyroid gland produces too much of the hormone thyroxine. Hyperthyroidism can accelerate your body's metabolism, causing unintentional weight loss and a rapid or irregular heartbeat.
Graves' disease is an autoimmune disorder that causes hyperthyroidism, or overactive thyroid. With this disease, your immune system attacks the thyroid and causes it to make more thyroid hormone than your body needs. The thyroid is a small, butterfly-shaped gland in the front of your neck.
Dwarfism is short stature that results from a genetic or medical condition. Dwarfism is generally defined as an adult height of 4 feet 10 inches or less. The average adult height among people with dwarfism is 4 feet
A goiter is an enlarged thyroid gland that causes the neck to swell. It is one of the most common thyroid disorders. Goiters are often harmless but symptoms can occur, and treatment may be required depending on the size and type of goiter.
Gigantism is a rare condition that causes abnormal growth in children. This change is most notable in terms of height, but girth is affected as well. It occurs when your child's pituitary gland makes too much growth hormone, which is also known as somatotropin
Hypothyroidism means that the thyroid gland can't make enough thyroid hormone to keep the body running normally. People are hypothyroid if they have too little thyroid hormone in the blood. Common causes are autoimmune disease, such as Hashimoto's thyroiditis, surgical removal of the thyroid, and radiation treatment.
Diabetes mellitus refers to a group of diseases that affect how your body uses blood sugar (glucose). Glucose is vital to your health because it's an important source of energy for the cells that make up your muscles and tissues. It's also your brain's main source of fuel
Type 2 diabetes (T2D), formerly known as adult-onset diabetes, is a form of diabetes that is characterized by high blood sugar, insulin resistance, and relative lack of insulin. Common symptoms include increased thirst, frequent urination, and unexplained weight loss.
Cushing syndrome is a disorder with physical and mental changes that result from having too much cortisol in the blood for a long period of time. Cortisol is a steroid hormone produced by the adrenal glands, located above the kidney