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22 year old male testicular shrinkage (If he continues (changes in blood…
22 year old male testicular shrinkage
Endocrine System
General Functions
controls reproductive activities
regulates development, growth, and metabolism
controls digestive processes
maintains homeostasis of blood composition and volume by regulating concentrations
of specific substances in the blood
two kinds of hormones
steroid hormones
lipid-soluble molecules synthesized from cholesterol
affects DNA
results in the subsequent transcription and translation of specific proteins
Transport is dependent on water-soluble carrier proteins
protein hormones
water-soluble chains of amino acids
Transport involves the dissolving of the hormone molecules in blood plasma
use second (and third) messengers
affects organs
activation or inhibition of enzymatic pathways
stimulation of mitosis
changes in membrane permeability
stimulation of cellular secretions
muscle contraction or relaxation
Major Endocrine glands
Pancreas
Insulin
decreases blood glucose levels
Glucagon
increases blood glucose levels
Pituitary Gland
Posterior
Antidiuretic hormone (ADH)
stimulates the kidneys to decrease urine output and the thirst center to increase fluid intake when the body is dehydrated
Oxytocin
Contraction of smooth muscle of the uterus; ejection of milk from mammary glands; increase feelings of emotional bonding
Anterior
Thyroid-stimulating Hormone(TSH)
stimulates thyroid gland to release thyroid hormone
Prolactin(PRL)
regulates mammary gland growth and breast milk production in females
FSH
controls development of both oocyte and ovarian follicle within ovaries; controls development of sperm within testes
Luteinizing hormone(LH)
induces ovulation of secondary oocyte from the ovarian follicle; controls testosterone synthesis within testes
Adrenocorticotropic hormone(ACTH)
stimulates adrenal cortex to release corticosteroids
Growth Hormone(GH)
release of insulin-like growth hormone(IGFs) from liver; induces growth
Hypothalamus
releases regulatory hormone
control release of hormones from anterior pituitary
produces
thymus
Thymosin
Thymopoietin
maturation of T-lymphocytes
thymulin
thyroid
tetraiodothyronine(t4)
increase metabolic rate of cells
triiodothyronine(t3)
adrenal
cortex
mineralocorticoids
decreases Na+ and increases K+ excreted in urine
Glucocorticoids
stress response; increase nutrients in blood
Gonadocorticoids
stimulates maturation and function of reproductive system
medulla
Epinephrine
Norepinephrine
prolongs effects of the sympathetic division of the autonomic nervous system
Ovaries
Estrogen
stimulate maturation and function of female reproductive system
Progesterone
Inhibin
inhibits release of follicle-stimulating hormone(FSH) from anterior pituitary
Testes
Inhibin
inhibits release of FSH from anterior pituitary
testosterone
stimulate maturation and function of male reproductive system
Parathyroid
Parathyroid Hormone
increase blood calcium levels
Pineal Gland
Melatonin
helps regulate the body's circadian rhythms; functions in sexual maturation
hormonal pathway from hypothalamus to testes
hypothalamus secretes GnRH
hypothalamo-hypophyseal portal system
stimulates anterior pituitary gland to releases FSH and LH
testes
FSH stimulates sustentacular cells to secrete androgen binding protein
LH stimulates interstitial cells to secrete testosterone
testosterone stimulates spermatogenesis
testosterone inhibits GnRH secretion
rising sperm count cause sustentacular cells to secrete inhibin
inhibits FSH secretion
testosterone stimulates libido and development of secondary sex characteristics
feedback loops
homeostatic levels of each hormone are usually maintained by negative feedback
ex: initialy GnRH leads to secretion of testosterone, but high levels of testosterone inhibits Gonadotropin-releasing hormone(GnRH)
up regulation
target cell increases its number of receptors
increases target cells sensitivity to hormone
down regulation
target cell decreases its number of receptors
reduces target cells sensitivity to hormone
If he continues
kidney problems or failure
death
high blood pressure
enlarged heart
liver damage
changes in blood cholesterol
increase risk of heart attack
increased risk of stroke
decreased sperm count
infertility
increased risk of prostate cancer
hair loss
continued testicular shrikage
If he stops
cold turkey
withdrawl
low libido
fatigue
muscle ache
gradual stop
up regulation will gradually occur
anterior pituitarys sensitivity to GnRH increases
ability to release LH
testes can start secreting testosterone
Testicles should return to normal size
ability to release FSH
testis can develop sperm
body bulider
decrease fat
injecting anabolic steroid
causes high levels of testosterone in the blood
negative feedback inhibits GnRH secretion
pituitary gland cannot release LH
testes cannot secrete testosterone
pituitary gland cannot release FSH
testis cannot develop sperm
reduces the anterior pituitary's sensitivity to GnRH
caused by down regulation
extreme irritability and aggression
mania
impaired judgement
increase muscle mass