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THE ENDOCRINE SYSTEM (GLANDS/SYSTEMS (Pituitary gland (located at the base…
THE ENDOCRINE SYSTEM
HORMONES
Luteinizing hormone (LH)
Peptide hormone synthesized by the anterior pituitary, stimulates ovulation in females, testosterone synthesis in males; stimulated by GnRH from hypothalamus
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Prolactin
Peptide hormone synthesized by the anterior pituitary, stimulates milk production and secretion; stimulated by PRH and inhibited by PIH from hypothalamus
Growth hormone (GH)
Peptide hormone synthesized by the anterior pituitary, stimulates bone and muscle growth, raises blood glucose levels; stimulated by GHRH from hypothalamus; inhibited by GHIH from hypothalamus and pancreas
Oxytocin
Peptide hormone synthesized by the hypothalamus and released by the posterior pituitary, stimulates uterine contractions during labor and milk secretion during lactation, may promote bonding behavior; stimulated through neural reflexes during childbirth and nursing
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Calcitriol
Steroid hormone synthesized in a series of chemical reactions from skin (cholesterol, using UV radiation), to liver, and finally kidneys; stimulates calcium absorption, so works with PTH to elevate blood calcium concentration
T3 and T4 (thyroxine)
Amino-acid derivative synthesized by the thyroid, stimulates metabolic activity and increased caloric expenditure; stimulated by TSH from anterior pituitary
Calcitonin
Peptide hormone synthesized by the thyroid, stimulates bone building so decreases blood calcium concentrations; stimulated by increase in blood calcium concentration
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Glucagon
Peptide hormone synthesized by the alpha cells of the pancreas, stimulates glycogen breakdown and increases blood glucose concentrations; stimulated by low blood glucose concentration
Insulin
Peptide hormone synthesized by the beta cells of the pancreas, stimulates uptake of glucose and most amino acids by many body cells, and storage of glucose as glycogen in liver; lowers blood glucose concentrations and increases anabolic processes; stimulated by high blood glucose concentration
Somatostatin
Peptide hormone synthesized in the gamma cells of the pancreas, suppresses secretion of insulin and glucagon (always inhibitory); chemically identical to GHIH from hypothalamus
Testosterone
Steroid hormone synthesized in interstitial cells of testis (also adrenal cortex), develops and maintains male reproductive system and male secondary sex characteristics; necessary for spermatogenesis; stimulated by LH
Estrogens
Steroid hormones synthesized by the ovaries, develops and maintains female reproductive system and female secondary characteristics; stimulated cyclically through GnRH/FSH
Progesterone
Steroid hormone synthesized by the ovaries, promotes maintenance of the endometrium; secreted by corpus luteum after ovulation, which is triggered by LH
Melatonin
Peptide hormone synthesized by the pineal gland, involved in circadian rhythms; stimulation regulated by exposure to light
Erythropoietin
Peptide hormone synthesized by the kidneys, stimulates bone marrow to produce erythrocytes; stimulated by hypoxia
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Thymosin
Peptide hormone synthesized by the thymus, stimulates T-cell development
GLANDS/SYSTEMS
Pituitary gland
located at the base of the brain, considered "master gland"
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Thyroid gland
Produces hormones thyroxine, (control metabolism and growth)
located below the voice box in the neck
Pineal gland (Epiphysis)
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connected with epithalamus, reffered to as the "third eye"
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Parathyroid glands
secretes parathormone (controls metabolism of calcium and phosphate)
4 tiny glands embedded in the posterior part of the thyroid
Thymus
thymosin, later only lymphoid tissue -
found in the thoracic cavity above the heart where T lymphocytes mature
Adrenal glands
secretes adrenaline which helps deal with stress and accelerates the heart and breathing rates
Located on top of the kidneys
Pancreas
gland with mixed secretion - produces insuline, glucagon (regulate glucose levels) + digestive enzymes
Ovaries
glands with mixed secretion: produce estrogen, progesterone + ova),
Female gonads
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Hormones
chemical messengers produced by endocrine glands; absorbed into blood vessels and will contact all cells of the body
Hypothalamus
part of the central nervous system, controls activities of pituitary gland
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Positive Feedback
when a change initiates a response and that response intensifies the original change
Ex: contractions of the uterus during child birth
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