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Eye & Endocrine System (Major glands/organs and their functions…
Eye & Endocrine System
Major structures and
functions of the eye
accessory structures
eyebrows
shade eyes from sunlight
prevent perspiration from trickling down forehead to eyes
eyelids
aka
palpebrae
angles separated w/
palpebral fissure
& meet at lateral and medial commissures
eyelashes
conjunctiva
lines eyelids as palpebral conjunctiva
transparent mucous membrane
lacrimal apparatus
lacrimal ducts and ducts that drain to to nose
has lacrimal secretion called tears
lacrimal canaliculi is where tears enter via 2 tiny openings called lacrimal puncta
via lacrimal canaliculi tears drain to lacrimal sac
extrinsic eye muscles
4 rectus muscles come from
extrinsic eye muscle
4 rectus muscles come from common tendinous ring
lateral rectus
moves eye laterally
VI (abducens)
medial rectus
moves eyes medially
III (oculomotor)
superior rectus
elevates eyes and turns it medially
III (oculomotor)
inferior rectus
depresses eye and turns it medially
III (oculomotor)
inferior oblique
elevates eye and turns it laterally
III (oculomotor)
superior oblique
depresses eye and turns it laterally
IV (abducens)
outermost coat of eyeball is
fibrous layer
sclera
bulk of fibrous layer, white, tough, protects and shapes the eyeball, and provides anchoring for extrinsic eye muscle
cornea
transparent, window to ley eye in and bends light
vascular layer
middle coat of eyeball
choroid
blood vessel, nourish eye
ciliary body
encircles lens
has ciliary muscles, ciliary process, ciliary zonule
iris
colored eye part
pupil
allow light to enter eye
retina
inner photoreceptors convert light energy
optic disc is the blind spot
rods sensitive to light but do not make sharp images
cones are receptors for bright light
Diseases associated with the eye
eye stability
emmetropic eye (normal)
myopic eye
nearsighted, eyeball too long
concave lens move focal point furher back
hyperopic eye
focal point is behind retina; farsighted; eyeball too short
Glaucoma
when drainage of aqueous is blocked and makes pressure and compress the retina
Major functions of the endocrine system
initiates responses
slowly
long-duration
responses
acts via
hormones
released into the blood
acts at
diffuse locations
- targets can be anywhere blood reaches
hormones act over
long distances
influence metabolic activity
reproduction
growth and development
maintain electrolyte, water, nutrient balance
regulate cellular metabolism and energy balance
mobilization of body defenses
Major glands/organs and their functions
endocrine glands
ductless glands
release hormones into surrounding tissue fluid
hypothalamus is a
neuroendocrine organ
and releases hormones
hormones
long distance; travel in blood or lymphs
autocrines
short distance; exert effects on same cells that secrete them
paracrines
short distance; act local but affect cell types other than those releasing paracrine chemicals
endocrine gland stimuli
humoral stimuli
secrete hormone in direct response to changing blood levels of certain critical ions and nutrients
parathyroid glands monitor the body's crucial blood Ca
neural stimuli
hormone release caused by neural input
response to stress
hormonal stimuli
hormone release caused by another hormone (a tropic hormone)
hypothalamus
posterior pituitary
action potentials travel down axons of hypothalamic neurons, causing hormone release from axon terminals in pituitary
releases neurohormones
storage place for hormones
pituitary gland
secretes 8 hormones; 2 major glands are posterior/anterior pituitary
anterior pituitary
hypothalamic hormones released into special blood vessels
manufactures/ secretes hormones
parathyroid glands
secrete parathyroid hormone
parathyroid hormone (PTH) controls calcium level
adrenal glands
produce hormones involves in electrolyte balance and stress response
pyramid shaped on top of kidneys
aka
suprarenal glands
inner
adrenal medulla
knot of nervous tissue and part of sympathetic system
adrenal cortex
part of mesoderm
synthesize steroid hormones aka CORTICOSTEROIDS
pineal gland
produces melatonin
pancreas
behind stomach
makes insulin and glucagon
insulin lowers blood glucose levels
names of the hormones produced and their target organs along with functions of the hormones
leptin
brain; suppresses appetite; increases energy exoenditure
resistin
antagonizes insulin's action and adiponcetin enhances it
erythropoietin
red bone marrow; stimulate production of red blood cells
osteocalcin
increases insulin production
thymulin
acts as paracrines
adrenal gland hormones
mineralocorticoids
target organs; increase blood levels of Na and decrease blood levels of K
glucocorticoids
target body cells; mobilize fats for energy metabolisms
gonadocorticoids
contributes to female libido
pituitary hormones
thyroid-stimulating hormone
thyroid gland
adrenocorticotrophic hormone
adrenal cortex; promote glucocorticoids
growth hormone (GH)
target liver, muscle, bone, cartilage, and other tissues
prolactin (PRL)
breast
Diseases associated with the endocrine system (include signs and symptoms of Diabetes Miletus).
cushings syndrome
ACTH released into pituitary tumor
Addisons disease
major hyposecretory disorder of adrenal cortex
diabetes mellitus
type 1 diabetes
when insulin is absent
type 2 diabetes
insulin is present but its insulin deficient
polyuria
excessive glucose in blood leads to excessive glucose in kidney filtrate
polydipsia
dehydration stimulates hypothalamic thirst
polyphagia
refers to excessive hunger and food consumption
galactorrhea
inappropriate lactation
hirsutism
excessive hair