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Eye & Endocrine System, Natalie Reyes Period 4 (Endocrine (Diseases…

- - - - Eyebrows
        
        provide shade from sun
        
        stop perspiration from getting into eye
      - Eyelids
        
        protect eyes from environment/foreign invaders
        
        help moisturize eyes
      - Conjunctiva
        
        prevent eyes from drying out by producing mucous
    - - Extrinsic
        
        Rectus
        
        Superior
        
        move eye up
        
        Inferior
        
        move eye down
        
        Lateral
        
        move eye laterally
        
        Medial
        
        move eye medially
        
        Oblique
        
        Superior
        
        move eye up and laterally
        
        Inferior
        
        move eye down and laterally
      - Intrinsic
        
        Ciliary Body
        
        accommodation, aqueous humor production/resorption, maintain lens shape
        
        Iris
        
        control the amount of light let into the eye through pupil
    - - produce tears, channel to eye surface, flush debris/waste from surface
    - - Cornea
        
        lets light enter pupil
      - Pupil
        
        allows light into eye
      - Iris
        
        varies pupil size
      - Ciliary Body
        
        Ciliary Muscles
        
        control lens shape
        
        Ciliary Processes
        
        secrete aqueous humor
        
        Ciliary Zonule
        
        hold lens upright and transmit tension
      - Lens
        
        focuses light rays onto retina
    - - Vitreous Humor
        
        gives eye shape & maintains intraocular pressure,
      - Retina
        
        processes/converts light into neural input
      - Choroid
        
        nourishes eye layers
      - Optic Nerve
        
        transmits visual information to the occipital lobe
  - - - high eye pressure
        
        compresses retina & optic nerve
    - - clouding of lens
        
        distorted view/vision
    - - eye too long; poor distant vision
    - - eye too short; poor close vision
    - - unequal curvature of eye
    - - obstructed tarsal glands; painless bump
    - - painful inflammation of sebaceous glands at eyelash base
    - - inflammation of the conjunctiva
    - - conjunctival infection caused by bacteria/viruses
    - - external muscles uncoordinated; see two images
    - - congenital weakness of muscles; eye rotates medially or laterally
    - - pigmented & neural layers separate and allow vitreous humor to seep; blindness
- - - - reproduction
      - growth and development
      - balance
      - metabolism/energy
      - defense
  - - - Pituitary
        
        secretes hormones that act on the adrenal glands, thyroid gland, ovaries and testes
        
        controls metabolism, growth, sexual maturation, reproduction, blood pressure
      - Thyroid
        
        regulate the body's metabolic rate, heart/digestive function, muscle control, brain development, mood & bone maintenance
      - Parathyroid
        
        produces parathyroid hormone and influences blood calcium levels
      - Adrenal
        
        produce hormones that regulate metabolism, immune system, blood pressure, stress response
      - Pineal
        
        produces and regulates melatonin
    - - Ovaries
        
        secrete estrogen & progesterone; reproductive/fertility oriented
      - Testes
        
        secrete testosterone; reproductive oriented
      - Pancreas
        
        secrete glucagon & insulin; manage blood sugar levels
  - - - Diabetes Insipidus
        
        ADH deficiency; pituitary tumor/damage--> intense thirst & huge urine output
      - STADH
        
        ADH excess; fluid retention, headache, disorientation, weight gain
    - - Gigantism
        
        excess GH (pre-puberty); abnormally tall
      - Pituitary Dwarfism
        
        low GH; very short
      - Acromegaly
        
        excess GF (post-puberty); ant. pituitary tumor--> overgrown hands,feet.face
    - - Hyperprolactinemia
        
        low prolactin; inappropriate lactation, lack of menses, infertility/impotence
    - - Myxedema
        
        excess thyroid hormone; low metabolic rate, chills, constipation, thick/dry eyes
      - Grave's Disease
        
        low thyroid hormone; abnormal antibodies against thyroid follicular cells
    - - Hyperparathyroidism
        
        parathyroid deficit; parathyroid tumor--> calcium leeches from bones
      - Hypoparathyroidism
        
        parathyroid excess; parathyroid trauma/removal--> low calcium, excitable neurons
    - - Aldosteronism
        
        excess aldosterone; adrenal tumor--> hypertension & edema
    - - Cushing's Syndrome
        
        excess glucocorticoid; ACTH pituitary tumor, adrenal tumor--> high blood sugar, musc/bone protein loss
      - Addison's Disease
        
        low glucocorticoid; weight loss, plasma glucose/sodium drop & potassium rise
    - - Pheochromocytoma
        
        excess catecholamine; medullary chromaffin cell tumor--> uncontrollable nervous system
    - - Diabetes Mellitus
        
        Type 1
        
        insulin absent
        
        Type 2
        
        insulin present; effects deficient
        
        Signs
        
        Polyuria
        
        huge urine output; high blood sugar--> excess glucose in kidney
        
        Polyphagia
        
        excess hunger and consumption
        
        Polydipsia
        
        excess thirst; dehydration
    - - Adrenogenital Syndrome
        
        excess gonadocorticoid; early sexual maturation, sex drive emergence
  - - - Melatonin
        
        target- suprachiasmic nucleus
        
        regulates sleep cycle
    - - Thyroid Hormone
        
        target- body cells
        
        monitor blood pressure, regulate tissue growth/development, produce heat, increase metabolism
      - Calcitonin
        
        target- bone
        
        inhibit osteoclasts/resorption
        
        stimulate uptake of calcium into bone matrix
    - - Parathyroid Hormone
        
        target- bone
        
        stimulate osteoclast breakdown of bone matrix; release calcium
        
        kidney reabsorb calcium from urine/blood
    - - Aldosterone
        
        target- kidney
        
        increase sodium levels in blood
        
        decrease potassium levels
        
        raise blood pressure/volume
      - Cortisol
        
        target- body cells
        
        influence energy metabolism, resist stressors, keep blood sugar constant
      - Epinephrine/Norepinephrine
        
        target- sympathetic nervous system
        
        mimic sns, increase metabolic/heart rate, increase blood pressure
    - - Estrogen
        
        target- reproductive organs
        
        breast development, menstrual cycle, mature sex organs
      - Progesterone
        
        target- reproductive organs
        
        breast development (w/estrogen), menstrual cycle
    - - Insulin
        
        target- liver
        
        enhance glucose transport; lowers blood sugar
      - Glucagon
        
        target- liver
        
        release glucose into blood; raise blood sugar
    - - Anterior
        
        Growth Hormone
        
        target- liver, muscle, bone, cartilage
        
        promote growth, mobilize fat & spare glucose
        
        Thyroid-Stimulating Hormone
        
        target- thyroid gland
        
        stimulate thyroid gland
        
        Adrenocorticotropic Hormone
        
        target- adrenal cortex
        
        promote glucocorticoid/androgen release
        
        Prolactin
        
        target- breast secretory tissue
        
        promote lactation
        
        Follicle-Stimulating Hormone
        
        target- ovaries & production of estrogen/progesterone
        
        Luteinizing Hormone
        
        target- ovaries & testes
        
        ovulation & production of estrogens/progesterone, testosterone production
      - Posterior
        
        Antidiuretic Hormone
        
        target- kidneys
        
        stimulate tubule cells to take in water from urine and release into blood
        
        Oxytocin
        
        target- uterus & breast
        
        stimulate contractions, initiate labor, initiate milk ejection