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Eye and Endocrine System Ana Cendejas Period:7th (Hormones&Functions…
Eye and Endocrine System
Ana Cendejas Period:7th
Major structure&function of eye
Lens:focuses light rays onto fovea
Retina:layer of sensory receptor cells
Ciliary body:controls shape of lens
Aqueous humor: water fluid behind cornea
Vitreous humor: jelly like fluid maintains eyeball shape
Optic disc: region with no receptors connect to optic nerve
Conjunctiva: mucous membrane covering the front surface of the sclera and lining of eyelid
Pupil: hole passes different amount of light
Sclera: white part of the eye
Tapetum lucidum:helps with night vision
Diseases of eye
color blindness-congenital lack of one or more cone type leads to partial color blindness
Conjunctivitis- inflammation of the conjuntiva
Myopia-able to see close objects well but distant objects appear blurry
Cataract- clouding of the lens
Glaucoma- damage of the optic nerve causing blindness
Astigmatism-unequal curvatures parts of the cornea or lens which leads to blurry images
Major Functions of the Endocrine System
works with nervous system to maintain homeostasis
The Endocrine function is to communicate with cells using chemicals called hormones
Endocrine glands and their hormones regulate the number of metabolic that processes within cells
Major glands/organs
pineal gland- secretes melatonin which helps regulating sleep cycles
Hypothalamus- produces hormones stored in the posterior pituitary and hormones that affect the anterior pituitary
Parathyroid glands- secretes parathyroid hormones increasing blood calcium levels
Pituitary gland- secretes numerous hormones that stimulate other endocrine glands
Pancreas-regulates blood sugar levels
Adrenal glands-superior to kidneys and controls mineral balance, inflammation, and metabolic functions
Testes- testosterone is a hormone of the testes that helps with beard growth
Ovaries- Estrogen and progesterone is produced in the ovaries helps with breast development
Hormones&Functions
Growth Hormone- Growth, repair, reproduction. Target-Body
Thyroid stimulating hormone- stimulates the thyroid gland. Target- thyroid gland
Adrenocorticotropic hormone- stimulates the adrenal gland to produce its hormones. Target-adrenal cortex
Prolactin hormone- produce breast milk. Target- Mammary glands
Follicle stimulating hormone-produces gametes. Target- follicle cells of the gonads
Luteinizing hormone-produces sex hormones. Target- gonads
Antidiuretic hormone- reduces blood flow. Target- kidneys and sweat glands
Oxytocin hormone- contracts uterus for child birth and helps release milk for breast. Target-uterus and breast
Parathyroid hormone-
Parathyroid hormone- stimulates osteoclasts to break down the calcium. Target- osteoclast
Cortisol hormone- break down of protein, lipids to produce glucose
Aldosterone hormone- produces many cortical hormones. Target- mineral ions
Epinephrine/ norepinephrine- increases blood flow. Improves the flight or flight response by increasing heart rate . Target-blood flow
Insulin- triggers the absorption of glucose from the blood into cells. Target- glucose
Glucagon- triggers muscles and liver cells to break down the polysaccharide glycogen to release glucose into the blood stream. Target-muscle and liver cells
Testosterone- growth and strength its enhanced in males. Target- body
Calcitonin-reduces the concentration of calcium ions by absorbing calcium from the bones. Target- calcium and bones
Estogen- develops the targets and triggers growth of bones. Target- uterine, breast
Progesterone- maintains appropriate conditions to support a developing fetus. Target- ovulation
Melatonin- helps regulate humans sleep wake cycle. Target- sleep cycle
Thymosin- help to train and develop T-lymphocytes during fetal development. Target- T-lymphocytes
Diseases associated with the Endocrine System
Gigantism- when children reach up to 8 feet of height
Pituitary dwarfism- when children only reach up to 4 feet of height
Acromegaly- when adults have hands and feet that have over grown
Hypothyroidism- under active thyroid causes cretinism dwarfism which means adult parts stay child like
Symptoms-fatigue,weakness,weight gain
Goiter- swelling of the thyroid
Type 1 diabetes- beta cells don't make insulin leading to blood sugar being too high
Symptoms-really thirsty, tired
Type 2 diabetes- when the body produces insulin but the cells do not respond to it
Symptoms-feeling very tired, peeing a lot, really thirsty, and getting infections
Crushing disease- too much cortisol in your body for a long period of time causing a tumor on pituitary, lungs, pancreas, kidney
Hyperthyroidism- caused by tumor on thyroid-too much thyroxine causing weight loss, nervousness, tachycardia