Please enable JavaScript.
Coggle requires JavaScript to display documents.
Elderly male with stomach cancer and gall bladder removed (Upsteam (Direct…
Elderly male with stomach cancer and gall bladder removed
Physiology
Digestive Main Functions
Secretion
Producing and relaxing digestive enzymes, acid and bile
Starts chemical breakdown
Digestion
Chemical digestion
Breaking bonds
Gall bladder releases bile
Mechanical digestion
Only mastication without breaking bonds
Motility (motion)
The is voluntary and involuntary muscular contractions to help with mixing and moving materials though the GI Tract
Peristalsis occurs
Absorption
Involves membrane transport of digested molecules, into the blood or lymph
Once pancreatic enzymes chemically digest the bolus and the chyme then absorbed nutrients
Ingest
The introduction of solids or liquid nutrients into the oral cavity
Uses structures of the oral cavity to break down food and turn it into a bolus
Within carbohydrates salivary amylase then bonds start braking
Elimination
When explosion of indigestible components that are not absorbed
Digestive Processes
Enzymes, digestion and nutrients
Lipids
Peyer's Patches
Lymphatic tissue found in the ilium of the small intestine
Form an important part of the immune system by monitoring internal bacteria and prevent growth of pathogenic bacteria
Main functions
Monitor intestinal bacteria and preven pathogenic bacterial growth
Helps prevent ingested microbes from crossing the GI tract wall and entering the body
Portal Venous System
Responsible for directing blood from parts of the GI tract to the liver
Absorbed in the small intestine travel first to the liver for processing before continuing to the heart
Then the liver detoxifies any toxin materials that may be ingested
Lacteals
Is a lymphatic capillary that absorbs dietary fats in the villi of the small intestine
Carbohydrates
Salivary amalyse
Enzyme on the saliva that starts chemical break down of carbohydrates
Helps to start break down
Pancreatic amaylase
Synthesized in pancreas then goes to duodenum
Structure
Disaccharides
Sucrose, melatose, and lactose
Enzyme wants to break bonds to smaller subunit
Polysaccharides
Starch and cellulose
Enzyme main goal is to break down in subunit
Monosaccharides
Glucose, fructose and galactose
Smallest building block
Proteins
Protease
Location
The chemical breakdown
Initiates at the stomach by the HCL acid and it terminates at the duodenum in the small intestine
Happens in the gastric phase initiated by presence of food in stomach
Pancreatic enzyme/juice that breaks down protein
Parietal cells
HCL is not formed within the cell but it forms from the H and the Cl secretions
Converts the inactive enzyme pepsinogen into active pepsin
1 more item...
Chief cells
Inactive pepsinogen
Hydrochloric acid activates pepsinogen into pepsin
1 more item...
Hormonal & neural regulation of digestive process
Long relex
Reflex from gut mechanics and chemical receptors along the vagus nerve to the Brain
Hormones or paracrine
Glucose dependent insulinotropic peptide
Insulin secretion stimulated by a hypermolarity of glucose in duodenum
Cholecystokinin
Stimulates the delivery of enzymes from the pancreas and bile from the liver and gall bladder
Secretin
Inhibits the secretion of gastrin
Histamine
A role in gastric secretion by inducing the production of acid in the stomach
Gastrin
It's a peptide hormone that stimulates secretion of gastric acid (HCL)
Motilin
Triggers the secretion of gastrin which releases (HCL) acid
Somatostatin
Inhibits the secretion of other hormones
Short reflex
Mediate motility, secretion, and hormone release
Digestive phases
Gastric phase
Initiated when the presence of food in the stomach
Detects and start secreting gastrin
Initiated by presence of acidic chyme in duodenum
Decreases the force of contraction in the stomach and the presence of acidic chyme leading to release of secretion
Cephalic phase
Initiated by thought, smell, sight, or taste of food
Sounds of food preparation
Nutrients needed by the human body
Vitamins
Function as coenzyme
Lipids
Fats
Water
Carbohydrates
Simple sugars
Minerals
The body requires moderate amounts of severn minerals
Sulfur
Sodium
Potassium
Chlorine
Phosphorus
Magnesium
Calcium
Downstream
Not able to occur in the digestive system
The stomach can't use the acids and/or enzymes to further make bolus into chyme
If the end of the stomach worked the pyloric spinster would closes while eating
Mucosa would then becomes direct contact with food
the stomach muscle can't further break down the food
For example: the enzyme pepsin is responsible for protein breakdown, therefore, protein can't be broken down
Other effects if the stomach doesn't function correctly can cause:
Gastritis can occur
An inflammation caused by anything that breaches stomach's mucosal barrier
Gastric ulcers can occur
Most ulcers caused by bacterium helicobacter pylori
Can also be cased by a non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drucg
Can cause erosions in stomach wall
Without gall bladder
Bile can be stored
Lipids (fats) have to be limited
Swallowing becomes difficult
Esophagus flex appears
Peristalsis/Muscle contraction is affected
The stomach then can't release food into the small intestine in a regulated manner
Then if noting is being secreted into the small infested no absorption of nutrients, mineral or water is maintained.
Other organs are also affected if the digestive system doesn't function properly such as:
Pancreas
Could also be affected since it's needed to digest chyme
Liver
Wouldn't be able to produce bile (fat emulsifier)
Feeding tubes need to provide
Vitamins
Lipids
Limited Fats
Water
Carbohydrates
Simple sugars
Minerals such as:
Sulfur
Sodium
Potassium
Chlorine
Phosphorus
Magnesium
Calcium
Of course everything he takes in will need to be liquidfied
Because the other digestive enzymes can break down the food
Prevent stomach cancer by:
Not smoking
Having a healthy diet
Exercising
Not drinking
Maintaining food preservation
Informing yourself of what is good for your health
Anatomy
Tunic Layers
Submucosa
Tissue type
Areolar and dense regullar connective tissue
Function & features
Fine Branches of nerves that extend into the mucosa, these nerves innovate the tunic layers
Mucosa
3 Sublayers
Lamina Propria
Tissue type-Areolar connective tissue
Contain small blood vessels and nerves
Muscular Mucosa
Tissue type- is smooth muscle
Function is for movement within mucosa very minor
Epithelium
Tissue type-simple columnar epithelium
Function is for protection can with stand abrasion in esophagus
Muscular Extema
Tissue type
Two layers of smooth muscle, circular and longitudinal
Function
Inner layer is the circular muscle and the outer layer is the longitudinal both are for paristalsis
Serosa
Tissue type
Areolar connective tissue
Function
Covers portions of the GI tract within peritoneal cavity
Alimentary Canal (Gastrointestinal Tract)
Anal Canal
Makes up the terminal few centimeters of the large intestine
Large intestine
Cecum
First part, appendix is attached, chyme enters the cecum from the ilieum
Rectum
Muscular tube that expands to store accumulated fecal prior to defication
Colon
Ascending colon, transverse colon, and descending colon, absorbs water and electrolytes, turns leftovers into a solid form
Accessory Digestive Organs
Pancreas
Producespancreatic juice to assist with digestion, amylase, lipase, proteases, and nucleases
Teethe
For mastication
Gallbladder
Stores bile
Tongue
Bolus of food is pushed by tongue against the hard plate
Liver
Detoxifies, liver secretes bile, bile salts and lecithin function in a chemical digestion of lipids, allowing more efficient chemical digestion of triglycerides
Salivary Glands
Parotid
Largest gland, secretes only serous secretions
Sublingual
Secrete serous and mucus secretions
Submandibular
Secretes serous and mucus secretions
Small intestine
Ilieum
Last part of the small intestine, absorption and digestion still occurs
Jejunum
Middle region of small intestine, chemical digestion of nutrients
Duodenum
Fist part of the small intestine, it arched into the pancreas; also attached to the liver by lesser omentum
Stomach
Makes bolus into chyme, a liquid sustance
Esophagus
Peristalic contractions of esophageal muscle push bolus toward stomach
Pharynx
Provides lubrications for swallowing
Oral Cavity
Uyula
Elevate and close off the nasopharynx
Lingual Frenulum
Tongue movement
Soft Plates
Help elevate to close nasopharyn
Hard Plate
Help move the bolus back to the oropharynx
Lips
Hold food and drinks inside
Labial frenulum
Provide stability of upper and lower lip
Membranes - Peritoneum
Parietal Peritoneum
The serous membrane that lines the inner surface of the abdominal wall
Visceral Peritoneum
Surrounding the organ known as intra-peritoneal organs
Location
Intra-peritoneal organs
Spleen
Duodenum, jejunum, and ileum
Stomach
Transverse colon and sigmoid colon
Liver
Retroperitoneal organs
Ascending colon
Descending colon
Cecum
Pancreas
Kidneys
Remainder of the duodenum
Upsteam
Patients bypass
Esophagus
Stomach
Mouth
Dudeonum
Mouth, esophagus, stomach, duodenum and gall bladder (since its remove) can't participate in the digestive process
Indirect
Behavior
Not taking proper care of himself
Smoking
Being overweight
Not having a healthy diet
Lack of exercise
Drinking
Direct
Truma
Age
Family History
Lack of knowledge for not taking proper care after gall bladder is removed
Continues to eat fats
Genetic changes
Prior pylori bacterial infection
The chemicals or enzymes not getting added to the food are:
Silvary amylase
Pancreatic amalyse
Lipase
Protease