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George Soria Period: 2 The Eye and the endocrine System (Major functions…
George Soria
Period: 2
The Eye and the endocrine System
Major Structures and functions of the eye
Optic Nerve
Located in back of the eye and transfer visual information
Sclera
Protective outer layer of the eye " White of eye " ( Protects the eye)
Fatty tissue
Stores energy in form of fat and cushions the eyeball
Choroid
Central layer that provides nourishment to the outer layers
Vitreous Humor
Comprises a large portion of the eyeball and holds the structure
Retina
Receive light that the lens has focused and located below the lens
Cornea
Covers the front portion of the eye and covers the pupil
Lens
Focuses the light rays and is located in the front of the eye
Ciliary body
Circular structure and extension of the Iris colored part of the eye
Iris
Provides an individual with eye color and is ringed shaped
Pupil
Allows light to enter the eye and is the opening in the center
Major glands/organs and their functions
Hypothalamus
The Hypothalamus is responsible for releasing hormones, regulating body temperature, maintaining daily physiological cycles, controlling appetite, managing sexual behavior, and regulating emotional responses.
Pituitary Gland
Is apart of the endocrine system and Its function is to secrete hormones into the bloodstream.
Thyroid
The thyroid gland helps the body with metabolism, growth and development. Helps release thyroid hormones into the blood stream.
Parathyroid Glands
Parathyroid Glands help relugate calcium levels and have no effect on metabolism
Pancreas
The pancreas helps develop our food into fuel for the body. it helps with digestion and helps relegate blood sugar levels.
Ovary
The ovaries produce oocytes fertilization and produce reproductive hormones.
Testicle
The male reproductive system produce gametes, or sperm, and they secrete hormones and the hormone is mainly testosterone.
Adrenal Glands
Adrenal glands produce hormones that help regulate metabolism, immune system, blood pressure, and response to stress.
Pineal Gland
Regulates hormones including melatonin
Major functions of the endocrine system
Parathyroid Hormone
Blood
stimulates the osteoclasts to break down the calcium contains bone matrix
Cortisol
proteins and lipids
Breakdown of proteins and lipids to produce glucose
Calcitonin
Blood
Maintain the vital homeostatic balance of calcium ions
Aldosterone
Mineral ions
A group of hormones that help to regulate the concentration of mineral ions in the body
Thyroid Hormone
cells
Regulate the body's metabolism by turning on practically every cell in the body.
Epinephrine
blood
Both of these hormones help to increase the flow of blood to the brain and muscles to improve the fight or flight.
Oxytocin
uterine
Contractions during childbirth and release of milk during breastfeeding.
Insulin
cells
responsible for lowering blood glucose levels after a meal
Antidiuretic Hormone
kidneys
prevents water loss by increasing the re-uptake of water in kidneys and reduces blood flow
Glucagon
muscle and liver cells
break down the polysaccharide glycogen to release glucose into the bloodstream
Luteinizing Hormone
gonads
stimulates the gonads to produce sex hormones, estrogen females and testosterone in males .
Testosterone
muscles, pores, sex organs
controls the growth and development of the sex organs and body hair of males
Follicle Stimulating Hormone
folic cells
stimulates follicle cells to produce gametes - Ova in females and sperm in males
Estrogen
female development
A group of related hormones that function as the primary female secondary sex hormones
Prolactin
mammary glands
stimulates the mammary glands of the breast to produce milk
Progesterone
human body
Active in females during ovulation and pregnancy where it maintains appropriate conditions in the human body
Adrenocorticotropic Hormone
adrenal cortex
stimulates the adrenal cortex to produce hormones
Melatonin
human sleep cycle
melatonin that helps to relegate the human sleep-wake cycle known as the circadian rhythm
Tyroid Stimulating Hormone
thyroid gland
responsible for the stimulation of the thyroid gland
Thymosin
fetal development
help to train and develop during fetal development and childhood.
Growth Hormone
cells throughout the body
Helps the bones grow
Diseases associated with the eye
Cataracts
The Clouding of the lens that causes the world to appear distorted as if seen through frosted glass
Glaucoma
Damage to the optic nerve causes progressive loss in peripheral
vision and can eventually leads to blindness
Astigmatism
Unequal curvatures in different parts of the cornea or lens leads
to blurry images
Myopia ( nearsightedness )
Distant objects are focused in front of the retina rather than on
it. Individuals can see close objects well but distant objects appear blurry
Hyperopia ( Farsightedness )
Occurs when the parallel light rays from distant objects are
focused behind the retina. Individuals can see distant objects well but close objects appear blurry
Colorblindness
Congenital lack of one or more cone type leads to partial
color blindness
Conjunctivitis
Inflammation of the conjunctiva usually from bacteria or viral infection
Major functions of the endocrine system
The endocrine system is made up of many glands that secrete glands into the body. Also the Endocrine system help regulate the activity of cells and organs.The endocrine system helps develop hormones that help grow and maintain metabolism.
Diseases associated with the endocrine system
Dwarfism
May only reach height of only 4 feet
Hypothyroidism
high metallic rate, rapid heart beat, weight loss, Nervousness
Gigantism
Can possibly reach heights of 8 feet
Graves disease
Autoimmune disorder that causes hyperthyroidism
Goiter
The thyroid needs iodine to produce T3 and T4. Lack of iodine can lead to swelling.
Diabetes mellitus
Cells burn fat or protein instead of sugar
Type II Diabetes
Body produces insulin, but the cells
do not respond to it
Cushing's Disease
Too much cortisol in your body for a prolonged period of time