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The Eye and the Endocrine System (Major functions and structure of the eye…
The Eye and the Endocrine System
Major functions and structure of the eye
The detects and responds to electromagnetic radation
Sclera- fibrous "white" part of the eye
Choroid- dark pigment layers ( under the sclera)
Cornea- transparent covering
Pupil- opening that lets light into eye Dim light> pupil becomes big Bright light> pupil is small
Iris- circular muscle; control size of pupil; visible colored part of the eye; smooth muscle; come in different colors but only contain brown pigment; lots of pigment= brown or black; less pigment = blue or green or gray
Lens- focuses light rays onto fovea
Ciliary body- controls shape of lens
Aqueous humor- water fluid behind cornea
Vitreous humor- jelly like fluid maintains eyeball shape
Retina- layers of sensory receptors cells
Fovea- small depression with high concentration of cones
Rods- low light (night vision)
Cones- bright light (colors)
Conjuctiva- mucous membrane covering the front surface of the clear and lining the eyelid
Optic Disc- region with no receptors, receptors connect to optic nerve
Diseases associated with the eye
There are seven different diseases associated with the eye they all affect the human vision in different eyes.
Cataracts some are congenital but most result from age. The lenses hardness becomes opaque.
Glaucoma pressure within the eye may increase to dangerous levels and compress the retina and optic nerve. Damage to the optic nerve causes progressive loss, eventually leads to blindness.
Astigmatism unequal curvatures in different partsot the cornea of lens leads to blurry images.
Hyperopia occurs when the parallel light rays from distant objects behind the retina. Can see distant objects well but close objects appear blurry.
Myopia can see close objects well but distant objects appear blurry.
Color blindness x-linked condition. More common in male than females and is red-green color blindness.
conjunctiritis inflammation of the conjunctiva from bacteria or viral inflection.
Major functions of the Endocrine System
The endocrine system works nervous system to maintain homeostasis. It is made up of cells, tissues and organs that secrete hormones.
Hypothalamus produces hormone stimulates the pituitary gland
Pituitary Gland master gland hormones it produces affect growth and reproduction
Thymus active until puberty and produces hormones important for the development of a type of white blood cell
Thyroid important for metabolism.
Pineal important for your sleep-wake cycles.
Parathyroid maintaining control of calcium levels in your bones and blood.
Pancreas unction involves controlling blood sugar levels.
Hyperthyroidism genetic or caused by tumor on thyroid
Goiter can damage nerve
Major gland/organs and their functions
Chemical messengers that control development, growth, reproduction, digestion
The Pineal gland which secretes melatonin, regulating sleep cycles, alertness, and temperatures.
The Hypothalamus produces hormones stored in the posterior pituitary and hormones that affect the anterior pituitary
The Pituitary gland secretes numerous hormones, some of which stimulates other endocrine glands.
The Parathyroid glands are on the posterior surface of the thyroid gland and secrete parathyroid hormone, increasing blood calcium levels.
The Adrenal gland are superior to the kidneys, producing epinephris and hornones that control mineral balances, inflammation and metabolic functions.
The reproductive hormones also influences secondary sex characteristics such as beard growth in males and breas development in females.
Names of the Hormones produced and their target organ along with functions of the hormones
Growth Hormone targets cells through out the body stimulating their growth, repair, and production.
Thyroid Hormone targets uterine contraction and releases of milk during breastfreeding
Cortisol targets breakdown of proteins reducing inflammation and immune response.
Insulin found in the langerins. The absorption of glucose from the blood into cells.
Glucagon triggers muscles and liver cells releasing glucose into the blood stream.
Testosterone low levers in the adrenal cortex relating the growth and activity of cells that are receptors to male hormone.
Melatonin target gland in the brain. Modulates sleep pattern in both circadian and seasonal cycles.
Parathyroid Hormone involved in calcium ion hormones. The osteoclasts to break down that calcium containing bone matrix.
Calcitonin target calcium ion levels rise above. Reduce the concentration of calcium ions in the blood.