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22 year old male with testicular shrinkage ((Major endocrine glands,…
22 year old male with testicular shrinkage
Lipid-soluble hormones:
do not readily dissolve in the blood and require carrier molecules that are water soluble. The carrier molecule prolongs the life of the hormone. It can diffuse through cell membranes. Example: Steroids.
Water-soluble hormones:
readily dissolve in blood, and generally do not require carrier proteins.Therefore they are generally released directly into the blood and and transported to target cells. It cannot diffuse through cell membranes. Examples: Biogenic amines and proteins.
Major endocrine glands, hormones & functions
Hypothalamus
:
ADH -
help maintain fluid balance, blood volume, and blood pressure.
OT-
in females stimulates smooth muscle of uterus for baby delivery and smooth muscle of breast for milk ejection. In males it facilitates movement of sperm through the reproductive ducts.
Pituitary Gland: TSH
- stimulate the growth of the thyroid gland which establishes the body's metabolic rate.
PRL-
regulates mammary gland growth and breast milk.
FSH and LH-
in females development of the oocyte and the follicle and release of estrogen & progesterone. In males regulates development of sperm and the release of testosterone.
ACTH-
increase blood levels of nutrient molecules such as glucose, glycerol, fatty acids, and amino acids.
GH-
stimulates cell growth and cell division of skeletal and muscular systems.
Pineal Gland: Melatonin-
regulate circadian rhythms
Thyroid Gland: T3 and T4-
increase metabolic rate of all cells, increase heat production.
Calcitonin-
decrease blood Ca levels.
Parathyroid Glands: PTH-
increase blood calcium levels.
Thymus: Thymosin, Thymulin, Thymopoietin-
maturation of T-lymphocytes
Adrenal Cortex: Aldosterone-
regulate blood levels by decreasing Na+ and increasing K+ secreted in urine.
Cortisol-
increase nutrient levels in the blood to resist stress and help repair injured or damaged tissues.
Androgens-
stimulate maturation and functioning of reproductive system.
Adrenal Medulla: EPI and NE
prolong the fight-or-flight response of the sympathetic division.
Pancreas: Insulin-
decrease blood glucose levels.
Glucagon-
increase blood glucose levels.
Testes: Testosterone-
maturation and function of male reproductive system.
Inhibin-
inhibits release of FSH from anterior pituitary.
Ovaries: Estrogen and Progesterone-
maturation and function of female reproductive system.
Inhibin
- inhibits release of FSH from anterior pituitary.
Heart: ANP-
decrease blood pressure.
Kidneys: EPO-
increase production of red blood cells.
Stomach: Gastrin-
facilitates digestion within stomach
Liver: Angiotensinogen-
increases blood pressure.
IGFs-
function synergistically with GH to regulate growth.
EPO-
increase production of red blood cells.
Hepcidin-
regulates iron levels.
Small Intestine: Secretin-
maintain normal pH levels.
CCK-
facilitates digestion of proteins and fats.
Motilin-
stimulates small intestine motility.
Skin: Vitamin D3-
functions synergistically with PTH and increases Ca+ absorption from small intestine.
Adipose Connective Tissue: Leptin-
helps regulate food intake.
Placenta: Estrogen and Progesterone-
stimulate development of fetus and changes within mother associated with pregnancy.
General Functions of Endocrine System:
Secretes hormones; hormones are transported within the blood and distributed to target cells throughout the body. Some of these cells regulate development, growth, and metabolism. Overall it helps maintain homeostasis of blood composition and volume, control digestive processes, and control reproductive functions.
Hormonal pathway from hypothalamus to testes:
1)
GnRH secreted by the hypothalamus stimulates the anterior pituitary to secrete FSH and LH.
2)
LH stimulates interstitial cells to secrete testosterone. FSH stimulates sustentacular cells to secrete ABP, which keeps testosterone levels high in the testis.
3)
Testosterone stimulates spermatogenesis but inhibits GnRH secretion and reduces the anterior pituitary's sensitivity to GnRH.
4)
Rising sperm count levels cause sustentacular cells to secrete inhibin, which further inhibuts FSH secretion.
5)
Testosterone stimulates libido and development of secondary sex characteristics.
Concepts on feedback loops and up and down regulation:
Homeostatic levels of each hormone are achieved by balancing between hormone release and hormone elimination.
Up-regulation:
target cells increase receptors in response to reduced hormone concentration in the blood.
Down-regulate:
target cells decrease receptors in response to elevated hormone concentration in the blood.
Anabolic steroid injection
Bodybuilding career may incite the use of steroids to increase muscle mass to be more competitive
There is an extended list of other possible side effects that may lead to sterility and even death.
Feedback process at work would be down-regulate since there is an elevated steroid hormone concentration circulating through the blood.
Steroid injections used more than three or four times a year can cause the skin and bone around the injection site to weaken.
Stops use
His testicular shrinkage may or may not be reversible depending on the frequency and length of time he used steroids.
He won't be at risk of developing health complications from the extended use of steroids and be healthier although perhaps not as "muscular".
Continues use
Improper injection methods or needle sharing can lead to transferring diseases such as AIDS, Hepatitis C, etc.
Risks of hear disease and stroke due to abnormal heart rhythm
Testicular atrophy and reduced sperm count leading to sterility.
High blood pressure may occur as corticosteroids (which mimic cortisol) cause the body to retain fluid.
Personality aberrations may occur due to damage to the central nervous system.
Because anabolic steroids mimic testosterone, females may experience growth of facial hair, menstrual irregularities, atrophy of the uterus and mammary glands.