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Endocrine System (Major Endocrine Glands: (Pituitary gland (Prolactin:…
Endocrine System
Major Endocrine Glands:
Thymus
Thymosin: Stimulates the production of T cells, which are an important part of immune system
Adrenal Gland
Glucocorticoids: Increase blood glucose concentrations, decrease protein synthesis
Cortisol: Regulates processes such as metabolism, and the immune response, is involved in helping the body reduce stress
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Parathyroid gland
Parathyroid Hormone: Most important endocrine regulator of calcium and phosphorus concentration in extracellular fluid
Kidney
Erythropoietin: stimulates bone marrow to produce erythrocytes, stimulated by hypoxia
Thyroid gland
Thyroxin: Main hormone secreted by thyroid, plays vital roles in digestion, heart and muscle function, brain development and maintenance of bones
Calcitonin: regulates calcium and phosphate levels in the blood, opposing the affect of the parathyroid hormone
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Pancreas
Insulin: Lowers blood glucose concentrations and increases anabolic processes; stimulated by high blood glucose concentration
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Hypothalamus
Gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH): stimulates the anterior pituitary to release follicle stimulating hormone (FSH) and lutenizing hormone (LH)
Growth Hormone (GH): Prompts the anterior pituitary to release growth hormone. GH is essential in children to maintain body composition. In adults it aids healthy bone and muscle mass and effects fat distribution.
Corticotropin-releasing Hormone (CHR): CHR sends a message to the anterior pituitary gland to stimulate the adrenal glands to release corticosteroids
Oxytocin: Involved in a variety of processes such as orgasm, the ability to trust, body temperature, sleep cycles, and release of breast milk
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Prolactin Hormone (PH): Prompts the anterior pituitary to stimulate breast milk production through the production of prolactin.
Ovaries
Progesterone: Sex hormone involved in the menstrual cycle, pregnancy, and embryogenesis of humans and other species
Estrogen: Primary female sex hormone, responsible for the development and regulation of the female reproductive system
Pituitary gland
Prolactin: Stimulates the breasts to produce milk, secreted in large amounts during pregnancy and birth feeding.
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Luteinising Hormone (LH)/ Follicle- Stimulating Hormone (FSH): Controls reproductive functioning and sexual characteristics. Stimulates the ovaries to produce estrogen and progesterone and the testes to produce testosterone and sperm.
Anti-diuretic Hormone (ADH): Controls the blood fluid and mineral levels in the body by affecting water retention by the kidneys. Also known as vasopressin.
Thyroid- Stimulating Hormone (TSH): Stimulates the thyroid gland to secrete its own hormone, which is called thyroxine. Also known as thyrotophin.
Oxytocin: Affects uterine contractions in pregnancy and birth and subsequent release of breast milk.
Adrenocorticotrophic Hormone (ACTH): Stimulates the adrenal gland to produce a hormone called cortisol. ACTH is also known as corticotrophin.
Testes
Testosterone: affects a man's appearance and sexual development. Stimulates sperm production as well as a man's sex drive.
Diseases
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Cushing's Syndrome: Occurs when body produces too much cortisol over a period of time, weight gain around tummy area and around neck, fat loss in legs
Thyroid Cancer: a mass grows on the thyroid, affects the secretion of hormones produced by the thyroid and parathyroid glands
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Grave's Disease: Autoimmune disease causes hypothyroidism, immune system attacks the thyroid and causes it to make more thyroid hormone
Type 2 Diabetes: Disease that is caused with being unhealthy, affects the way the body processes blood sugar
Hashimoto's Thyroiditis: Autoimmune disease affects the thyroid gland, affects more women than men, causes hypothyroidism (under-active thyroid)
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Feedback Loops
Negative Feedback
Occurs when there is too much of a specific hormone or level of sugar, etc. in the body. Hormones will be released to lower that hormone or level of product so the body can return back to homeostasis.
Positive Feedback
Occurs when there is too little of a hormone or product in the body. The brain will signal a gland to secrete hormones in order to return the body to homeostasis.
Major functions of the Endocrine System: Endocrine glands secrete hormones into the blood thats carried through the body.