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Chapter 23 (Genetic Variation (Relative Fitness (how many offsprings you…

- - - - all copies of every type of allele at every locus in all members of a population
  - - - unpredictable changes in allele frequencies, because of some enviromental change
    - - the smaller population establishes a new population and the gene pool differes from the larger population it orginated from
    - - severe drop in population due to a sudden change in the environment, such as floods or fire.
    - - Gene being tranfered from population to population due to movement of fertile individuals
- - - - a certain group of species that connot reprodcue with another group
      - Hybrid
        
        offspring that result from mating between two different spieces
        
        Hybrid Zone
        
        a region in which a number of different species meet and mate, producing hybrids
        
        Rienforcment
        
        if hybrids continue to have birth defect and not have a prolonging life, then the populations beigns reinforcing the different gene/characteristics and become more indepenently different from the other species
  - - - 2 species live in the same area but not is the specific place so they never meet
      - a fly can move to another area and become attracted a different thing therefore becoming a seperate populations and then no longer associating with the other population due to those attractions
    - - 2 species breeding at different time (go into heat at different times)
    - - no mate recognition female and male of different spieces. (no attraction)
    - - female/male sex organs are not compatible
    - - female AND male are not compatible
  - - - offsprings don't live, They arent healthy when born
    - - offsprings are vigorous but sterile, the offsprings cannot reproduce
    - - 1st generation hybrids are viable and fertile, but the hybrids offsprings are sterile
  - - - 2 grpups becoming different species because of seperation
    - - a subset of a population that forms a new species without geological seperation
    - - Extra set of chromosomes
      - Autoplyploid
        
        individual that has more than two chromosomes sets that come from a single species
      - Allopolyploid
        
        change a sterile hybrid into a fertile polyploid
      - More common in plants due to the fact that plants are very simple organisms therefore can handle such changes to their genetic makeup
  - - - A major event causing most of the population to dwindle in numbers, then appearing suddenly again and being at a stand still in evolution until a major event occurs again or they become extinct
- - - - New layers lay over others one older ones and create layers of rocks
    - - The study of fossils
  - - - inherited characteristics of orgasims that make it more likely to survive its environment
    - - organism that have inherited traites for survival and reproduction at higher rates
      - if the organsims moves to a different environment, natural selection can result in adaption and create a new species
      - Evolution through natural selection cannot occur if only one individual has the trait
      - pathogens can become drug resistant due to natural selection, they can produce new generations fast
    - - choosing desirable traits and breeding the individual with these traits*
  - - - represent strucuture during the embryonic developement that was present in their common ancenstor
  - - - continential drift, causing all Earths masses to unit into one giant continent
    - - plant or animals species found nowhere else on the earth