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Eye and Endocrine System Angelynn Torres Period 4 (Major glands/organs…
Eye and Endocrine System
Angelynn Torres
Period 4
Diseases associated with the Endocrine System
Goiter: Enlarged thyroid gland ~ lack of iodine
Graves Disease: Person makes abnormal antibodies directed against thyroid cells
Myxedema: Hypothyroid Disorder
Thyroid gland defect
~ Mucous swelling
Low metabolism, cold, constipation, dry skin
Cushing's disease: caused by an ACTH - releasing pituitary tumor
Elevated blood glucose levels, loss in muscle & blood protein
Swollen face, redistribution of fat to abdomen and back of neck
Gigantism: Hyper secretion in children
GH targets the active epiphyseal growth plates
Diabetes: Hypo Secretion or Hypo-activity of insulin
Insulin absent+ Type 1 Diabetes
Insulin present, but minimal: Type 2 Diabetes
Signs are Polyuria, Polydipsia, Polyphagia:
Huge urine output that decreases blood volume, excessive thirst, excessive hunger
Diseases associated with the eye
Diplopia: Double Vision
Paralysis or weakness of extrinsic muscles
Strabismus: Eye rotates medially or laterally
eyes alternate focusing on objects
Cataract: Clouding of the lens
Distorted vision
Conjunctivitis: an infection also known as pinkeye
Hyperopia: farsightedness
parallel light rays from distant objects focus behind the retina
Nearby objects are blurry
Eyeball is too short
Myopia: Nearsightedness
Distant objects focus in front of the retina, rather than on it
Distant objects are blurred
eyeball is too long
Color blindness: Congenital lack of one or more cone pigments
More common in males
Most common type - red-green color blindness
Major Functions of the Endocrine System
Endocrine system influences metabolic activity
Hormones:
Chemical messengers secreted by cells into extracellular fluids
Travel through blood
Continuous Effects:
Reproduction growth
Maintain electrolyte, water and nutrient balance of blood
Regulate cellular metabolism
Energy balance
Mobilization of body defenses
Hormones: Long distance
~ Blood or lymph through body
Autocrines: Short distance
~ exert and secrete - cause and effect
Paracrines: Short distance
~ Locally (within tissue)
affect other cell types
Endocrine Organs: Small, unimpressive, but powerful
Scattered through body
Exocrine glands: nonhormonal substances
sweat and saliva ducts
Endocrine glands: ductless
produce hormones, release into their tissue fluid
Major glands/organs and Function
Thyroid Gland: TH, Every cell
Major metabolic hormone
Important for normal growth and brain development
Calcitonin, Bones/Skeleton
Regulates levels of calcium & phosphate in blood
Adrenal Glands: GC, Brain Cells
Breakdown of glycogen to glucose
Mc, Kidneys
Regulates the electrolyte concentrations in extracellular fluids
EPI, Heart & Skeletal muscles
Raise blood glucose levels when fight or flight stressors activate
Ovaries, Estrogen, Progesterone, Gonads:
Maturation of reproductive organs
Breast development, cycle changes
Pancreas: Insulin, Brain, Muscles, Fat Cells
Lowers blood glucose levels & promotes protein synthesis
Glucagon, Liver
Breakdown of glycogen to glucose
Thymus: Thymosin, Cells
Development of T lymphocytes
Testes: Testosterone, Gonads
Initiates maturation of male reproductive organs & appearance of secondary sex characteristics
Parathyroid Gland: PTH, Skeleton, Kidneys, Intestine
Controls calcium balance in blood
Stimulates osteoclasts to digest & release
Pineal Body: MT, Brain
Regulation of sleep cycles
Major Hormones and Target Organs
Adrenocorticotropic Hormone (ACTH): Adrenal Cortex
Promotes release of glucocorticoids & androgens
Help the body resist stressors
Prolactin (PRL): Breast Secretory Tissue:
Promotes Lactation
Protein hormone
Follicle-Stimulating Hormone (FSH): Ovaries & Testes
Female: Stimulates ovarian follicle maturation & production of estrogens
Male: Stimulates sperm production
Thyroid-Stimulating Hormone (TSH): Thyroid Gland
Stimulates thyroid gland to release thyroid hormones
Luteinizing Hormone (LH): Ovaries & Testes
Female: Triggers ovulation & stimulates ovarian production of estrogens & progesterone
Male: Promotes testosterone production
Growth Hormone (GH): Liver, bone, muscle, cartilage
Anabolic hormone
Stimulates somatic growth, mobilizes fats, spares glucose
Antidiuretic Hormone (Vasopressin) (ADH): Kidneys
Stimulate kidney tubule cells to reabsorb water from the forming urine back into blood
Oxytocin: Uterus, Breast
Uterus: Stimulates uterine contractions, initiates labor
Breast: Initiates milk ejection
Major Structures and Functions of the Eye
Accessory Structures
Conjunctiva: Transparent mucous membrane
Palparel Conjuctiva: Folds back
Bulbar Conjuctiva: Covers only the white of the eye
Conjunctival Sac: Produce lubrication
Lacrimal Apparatus: Lacrimal gland produces tears ----> Tears enter Conjunctival sac, tears flow across eye, Tears enter lacrimal caniculi, tears drain into lacrimal sac
Eyelids: Includes....
Eyelashes: trigger reflexive blinking
Lacrimal Caruncle: Meaty part, Sebaceous sweat glands creates oily eye crusties
Tarsal plates: connective tissue sheets that provide support
Orbicularis Oculi: muscles that run within the eyelid
Extrinsic Eye Muscles: Allow eyeballs to follow movement
Maintain shape
hold it in orbit
Rectus muscles:
Superior
Inferior
Lateral
Medial
Eyebrows: Shade eyes from sunlight
Prevents sweat from getting into eyes
Eye
Vitreous Humor: protects and maintains the shape of the eye
Optic Disk (Blind Spot): Optic nerve exists the eye
Lacks photoreceptors
Weak spot in fundus
Optic Nerve: Transfers visual information from the retina
Ciliary Body: A thickened ring of tissue that encircles he lens and has ciliary muscles
Retina: Contains rods and cones, photoreceptors that convert light into energy
Aqueous Humor: clear fluid filling the space in the front of the eyeball
Nourishes the cornea and lens
Choroid: Blood vessel rich
Nourishes all layers of the membrane
Lens: Transparent, flexible
Change shape to focus light
Avascular
pupil: Allows light to enter the eye
Sclera: Bulk of fibrous layer
Protects and shapes eye
white and opaque
anchoring site for extrinsic muscles
Cornea: Bulges anteriorly
Lets light enter the eye
Crystal clear
Epithelial sheets over the cornea
Iris: Colored part of the eye
Contracts and pupil dilates
Distant vision and dim light = dilater pupillae
Bright light and constricts pupil = Sphinctor pupillae