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A 22 year old male bodybuilder comes into the hospital because he believes…

- - - - Insomnia
      - Reduced sex drive
      - Loss of appetite
      - Steroid cravings
      - Restlessness
      - Fatigue
      - Mood swings
- - - - Become smaller due to a loss of some of the germ cells (sperm producing) and Leydig cells (testosterone producing)
      - Overabundance of steroidal hormones injected, cause a down regulation in receptors for the specific hormone
      - In this case, testosterone, lowering the individuals sperm count, and natural testosterone production in order to maintain homeostasis
  - - - The more steroids being injected into the body, and the above average amount received results in the body being taken ABOVE homeostasis, further away from it
    - - The high hormonal levels cause receptors to be lost and target cells to be desensitized
      - Testicular sensors are lost in this case, meaning less natural hormone is produced do to the high amounts of those being injected, and leading to a testicular shrinkage in response
- - - - Causes change within a cell by passing through the membrane of the target cell
      - Fat soluble
      - Travels into the nucleus and binds to another specific receptor on the chromatin
    - - Water soluble
      - Travel freely in the blood, not requiring cellular transport due to their affinity for water
      - Repelled by cellular membranes due to their lipid structure, and simply bind to receptor sites on the outside of the cell and signal from there
  - - - Glucagon
        
        Prevents blood glucose levels from dropping too low
      - Insulin
        
        Helps blood sugar level from getting too high or too low
        
        Allows body to use sugar from carbs for energy or to store glucose for future use
    - - Ovaries
        
        Estrogen
        
        Development of female secondary sexual characteristics; breasts, endometrium and regulation of menstrual cycle
        
        Progesterone
        
        Thickens the line of the uterus every month, preparing it to receive and nourish a fertilized egg
        
        Is produced in the placenta during pregnancy and the levels remain elevated throughout the pregnancy
      - Testes
        
        Testosterone
        
        Develops male reproductive tissues
        
        Promotes secondary sex characteristics: increased muscle and bone mass/growth of body hair
    - - Cortex
        
        Cortisol
        
        Help control blood sugar levels
        
        Regulate metabolism
        
        Help reduce inflammation
        
        Assisst with memory formulation
        
        Has a controlling effect on salt and water balance and helps control blood pressure
        
        Androgens
        
        Play a key role in female kick start of puberty, causing hair growth in the pubic and underarm areas
        
        To replace hormones when the body is unable to produce enough of its own
        
        Stimulates the beginning of puberty in males and females
        
        Aldosterone
        
        Principal regulator of the salt and water balance of the body
        
        Also has small effect on the metabolism of fats, carbohydrates and proteins
      - Medulla
        
        Epinephrine
        
        Adrenaline; Increases cardiac output and raises glucose levels in the blood
        
        Norepinephrine
        
        Increases heart rate and blood pressure
        
        Triggers the release of glucose from energy stores
        
        Increases blood flow to skeletal muscle, and reduces it to the GI system
    - - Melatonin
        
        Regulates sleep cycles, circadian rhythm
    - - Parathyroid Hormone
        
        Raises blood calcium level by breaking down bone
    - - Thymopoeitin
        
        Affects the rate at which your skin ages
        
        Affects the bodies capacity to maintain youthful function in everything from brain cells to skin cells
    - - Thyroid hormone
        
        Regulates tissue growth and development
        
        Maintaining blood pressure
        
        Increases basal metabolic rate and heat production
      - Calcitonin
        
        Is released in response to high blood calcium levels
    - - Anterior
        
        Adrenocorticotropic Hormone
        
        Promotes release of glucocorticoids and androgens
        
        Follicle stimulating hormone
        
        Females: Stimulates ovarian follicle maturation and production of Estrogens
        
        Male: Stimulates sperm production
        
        Thyroid stimulating hormone
        
        Stimulates thyroid gland to release thyroid hormones
        
        Luteinizing Hormone
        
        Female: Triggers ovulation and ovarian production of estrogen and progesterone
        
        Male: Promotes testosterone production
        
        Growth Hormone
        
        Growth promoting effects mediated indirectly by IGF's
        
        Prolactin
        
        Promotes lactation
      - Posterior
        
        Oxytocin
        
        Stimulates uterine contractions, initiates labor
        
        Initiates milk ejection
        
        Antidiuretic hormone
        
        Stimulates kidney tubule cells to reabsorb water from forming urine back into blood
    - - Corticotropin releasing hormone
        
        Stimulates ACTH production in pituitary
      - Gonadotropin releasing hormone
        
        Stimulates gonadotropin (FSH, LH) production in pituitary
      - Thyrotropin releasing hormone
        
        stimulates tsh production in pituitary
      - Prolactin releasing hormone
        
        Stimulates prolactin production in pituitary
      - Growth hormone inhibiting hormone
        
        inhibits gh production in pituitary
      - Prolactin inhibiting hormone
        
        Inhibits prolactin production in pituitary
      - Growth hormone releasing hormone
        
        Stimulates gh production in pituitary
  - - - Testes
        
        Testosterone
        
        Develops male reproductive tissues
        
        Promotes secondary sex characteristics: increased muscle and bone mass/growth of body hair
    - - Follicle Stimulating Hormone
        
        Males: stimulates sperm production
      - Luteinizing Hormone
        
        Males: Promotes testosterone production
    - - Gonadotropin releasing hormone
        
        Stimulates gonadotropin production in the pituitary
  - - - Reduction, an organism being led back DOWN towards homeostatic balance
    - - More receptors in response to low horomonal levels
    - - Stimuli leading to an increase, taking an organism further AWAY from homeostasis
    - - Lose receptors in response to high hormonal levels
      - Desensitizes the target cells
    - - Keeping a system balanced and at equilibrium, everything is working right