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Eye and Endocrine System - Thomas Cruz P.4 (names of the hormones…
Eye and Endocrine System - Thomas Cruz P.4
Major structures and
functions of the eye
Conjunctiva
Transparent mucous membrane
Lacrimal Apparatus
lacrimal gland and the ducts that drain lacrimal secretions into the nasal cavity
Vascular Layer
Choroid
dark brown membrane that forms the posterior five-sixths of the vascular layer, nourishes all eye layers
Ciliary Body
thickened ring of tissue that encircles the lens
Iris
anterior portion of the vascular layer, pupil allows light to enter the eye, changes the pupil size depending on the amount of light that is being received by the pupil
Extrinsic Eye Muscles
control the movement of each eyeball
Inner Layer
Retina
other neurons involved in processing responses to light
contains glia
contains millions of photoreceptors that transduce light energy
Pigmented Layer of the Retina
absorb light and prevent it from scattering through the eye
Neural Layer of the Retina
Ora Serrata
Accessory Structures
Eyelids
blink to protect the eye from foreign objects
Eyebrows
help shade the eyes from sunlight and prevent perspiration trickling down the forehead from reaching the eyes
Fibrous Layer
Sclera
forms the posterior portion, provides sturdy anchoring site for the extrinsic eye muscles
Cornea
bulges anteriorly from its junction with the sclera, forms a window that lets light in the eye
Diseases associated with the eye
Conjuctivis
inflammation of the conjunctiva, results in reddened, irritated eyes
Pinkeye
conjunctival infection caused by bacteria or viruses
Sty
painful inflammation of the sebaceous glands at the base of the eyelashes
Diplopia
double vision, see two images instead of one
Myopia
nearsightedness
Hyperopia
farsightedness
Strabismus
affected eye rotates medially or laterally
Cataract
a clouding of the lens that causes the world to appear distorted, as if seen through frosted glass
Major functions of the endocrine system
Growth and Development
Maintenance of electrolyte, water, and nutrient balance of the blood
Reproduction
Regulation of cellular metabolism and energy balance
Mobilization of body defenses
Major glands/organs and their functions;
Parathyroid Glands
primary regulators of blood calcium levels, focus on the flow of blood
Thyroid Gland
controls metabolism and the function of being able to process and release hormones to gain glucose
Hypothalamus
controls release of hormones from the pituitary gland in two different ways
Adrenal Glands
produce hormones involved in electrolyte balance and the stress response
Pineal Gland
secretes melatonin to help with sleep patterns
Pancreas
develops as an out pocketing of the epithelial lining of the gastrointestinal tract
Gonads
Ovaries
produces ova and several hormones, estrogen and progesterone
Testes
produce sperm and male sex hormones, primarily testosterone
names of the hormones produced/target organs
& functions
Follicle-stimulating Hormone (FSH)
Ovaries and Testes
regulate function of the gonads, production of gametes
Luteinizing Hormone (LH)
Ovaries and Testes
promotes production of gonadal hormones, triggers ovulation
Prolactin (PRL)
Breast Secretary Tissue
stimulate milk production by the breasts
Antidiuretic Hormone (Vasopressin) (ADH)
Kidney tubule cells
urine production, prevents wide swings in water balance, reabsorb more water forming urine and return it to the bloodstream
Adrenocorticotropic Hormone (ACTH)
Adrenal Cortex
stimulates the adrenal cortex to release corticosteroid hormones
Oxytocin
Uterus
messenger system mobilizing Ca2+, allows stronger contractions, triggers for milk ejection in women
Thyroid-Stimulating Hormone (TSH)
Thyroid gland
stimulates normal development and secretory activity of the thyroid gland, triggers release of TSH from cells
Parathyroid Hormone (PTH)
Skeleton, kidney, intestine
controls calcium balance in the blood, transmission of nerve impulses, muscle contraction
Growth Hormone (GH)
Liver, Muscle, Bone
tissue building, exerts metabolic effects, mobilizes fats from fat depots, decreases the rate of glucose intake
Cortisol (glucocorticoids)
Body cells
depress cartilage and bone formation, inhibit inflammation in by decreasing the release of inflammatory chemicals
Calicitonin
Skeleton
bone sparing effect, treat Patents disease
Estrogen
Ovaries, Breasts
maturation of the reproductive organs and appearance of the secondary sex characteristics
Thyroid Hormone (Thyroxine and Triiodothyronine) (TH)
thyroid follicles
increases basal metabolic rate and body heat, regulates tissue growth and development, maintains blood pressure
Aldosterone (mineralocorticoids)
Kidney Tubules
regulate the electrolyte concentrations in extra cellular fluids, reduces exertion of Na+ from body
Epinephrine
nervous system, blood vessels
potent stimulator of metabolic activity and dilator of small airways
Insulin
Blood glucose
enhances membrane support of glucose, inhibits breakdown of glycogen to glucose, catalyze oxidation of glucose for ATP production
Glucagon
Liver
breakdown of glycogen to glucose, synthesis of glucose from lactic acid, release of glucose to the blood by liver cells
Testosterone
Testes
initials the maturation of male reproduction organs and appearance of secondary sex characteristics
Melatonin
Pineal
regulates the sleep-wake cycle, treatment of trouble sleeping
Progesterone
ovaries, breasts
helps estrogen promote breasts development and cyclic changes in the uterus
Thymosin
Lymph node
involved in the normal development of T lymphocytes and immune responses, act as preacrines
Diseases associated with the endocrine system
Diabetes Milatus
Type 1
localized on several chromosomes, insulin is absent
Type 2
insulin is presents and effects are deficient
Graves' Disease
most common cause of hyperthyroidism
Hyper secretion can be congenital in infants and can cause myxedema in adults
Diabetes Insipidus
a syndrome marked by intense thirst and huge urine output
blood glucose is lost
Gigantism
person becomes abnormally tall, often reaching 8 feet
Myxedema
mucous swelling
Goiter
enlarged protruding thyroid gland
Cushing's Disease
caused by an ACTH-releasing pituitary tumor
Addison's Disease
disorder of the adrenal cortex, involves deficits in both glucocorticoids and mineralocorticoids