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Endocrine + Eye p4 (hormones + target organs of endocrine system (anterior…
Endocrine + Eye p4
hormones + target organs of endocrine system
anterior pituitary
TSH - thyroid stimulating hormone. targets thyroid
GH / growth hormone: liver, muscle, bone cartilage. Promotes body growth
FSH / follicle stimulating: ovaries / testes. stimulates ovarian follicle maturation in women and T prod. in men
prolactin: breast secretory tissue. promotes lactation.
ACTH / adrenocorticotropic. adrenal cortex. excites for release of androgens + glucocorticoids
luteinizing hormone / LH: triggers ovulation in females + stimulates E and Progesterone production. stimulates T prod. in males
posterior pituitary
antidiuretic hormone / vasopressin / ADH: kidneys. makes kidney take back water from urine into blood.
oxytocin: uterus/breast. makes uterus contract and makes breast lactate.
thyroid gland
TH / thyroxine / triiodothyronine: affects every cell in body. regulates tissue growth and development. maintains blood pressure. increase body heat.
calcitonin: skeleton. promotes bone formation
parathyroid
PTH / parathyroid hormone: takes calcium from bone and puts it into bloodstream
adrenal cortex
glucocorticoids / cortisol: body cells. maintains blood pressure, blood sugar consistency, and influences energy metabolism
aldosterone / mineralocorticoids: kidneys. increases Na+ in blood and decreases K+
pancreas
insulin. liver. lowers blood sugar lvls
glucagon. liver. brings up blood sugar lvls
testes: produce testosterone for reprod. organs for sex drive and sperm production
ovaries: produce estrogen and progesterone. E for reprod organs + progesterone for mammary glands for breast development. E influences puberty and menstrual cycle
pineal gland: melatonin. makes you sleepy + regulate circadian rhythm. also affects timing of puberty. this is for the blood stream + reprod organs
thymus: thymosin for lymph stuff. involved in T lymphocyte development and in immune response.
disease associated w/ eye
glaucoma: group of eye conditions that damage the optic nerve
cataracts: clouding of lens in eye
conjunctivitis: pink eye; infection of conjunctiva
macular degeneration: deterioration of retina
major structures + functions of eye
external
lateral + medial muscles: move eye left + right
superior + inferior muscles: move eye up + down
lacrimal apparatus: drain tears into sinuses
conjunctiva: blanket the sclera and cornea
internal
retina: turn light into neural signals
choroid: nourish sclera and retina
vitreous + aqueous humors: maintain eye's shape and intraocular pressure
sclera: protect eye
iris: control size of pupil
pupil: allow light to enter lens
lens: gives light to retina
optic nerve: connect eye to occipital lobe
cornea: pass light through pupil
ciliary body: control lens shape
diseases associated w/ endocrine
gigantism: EXCESS growth hormone caused by anterior pituitary. makes you super tall.
dwarfism: not enough GH !! caused by lack of pituitary hormone
acromegaly: overgrown hands + feet + facial bones caused by excess GH from anterior pituitary tumor
hyperparathyroidism: caused by parathyroid tumor. leeches Ca2+ from bone and causes severe osteoitisfibrosacystica
hypoparathyroidism: caused by parathyroid damage / removal. not enough Ca2+ in blood which leads to convulsions and excited neurons
hyperprolactinemia: inappropriate lactation + infertility. cause is in the name
mixedema: caused by hypothyroid syndrome. low metabolic rate, chills, constipation, dry eyes, goiter
grave's disease: caused by hyperthyroid syndrome. abnormal antibodies directed against thyroid follicular cells. irreg heartbeat + weight loss
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pheochromocytoma: caused by excess catecholamines from medullary chromaffin cell tumor
diabetes
mellitus
not enough insulin
insulin absent - type 1
insulin present but BAD - type 2
SIGNS: polyuria, polydipsia, polyphagia
sugar unusable > mobilize fat > high fatty acid > ketones > blood ph drop
insipidus
caused by pituitary tumor OR damage to hypothalamus/post pituitary
ADH excess: fluid retention, headache, weight gain
ADH deficiency: intense thirst. peein a lot
major function of endocrine
release hormones for reproduction, growth + development, maintenance of electrolytes and water, regulation of metabolism + energy, mobilization of body defenses
major endocrine organs
pineal body
hypothalamus (neuroendocrine)
adrenal gland
posterior + anterior pituitary
thyroid + parathyroid gland
pancreas
ovaries + testes
kidneys