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Eye and Endocrine Emerson Brown; Per. 4 (Structure and function of the…
Eye and Endocrine
Emerson Brown; Per. 4
Structure and function of the Eye
ciliary muscles: relaxes or tightens to change lens shape for focusing
vitreous humor: holds eye shape
lens: focuses light which enters eye
retina: receive light that lens focused, convert to into signals and send signals to brain
iris: controls diameter and size of pupil
blind spot: optic nerve leaves eye
pupil: allows light to strike retina
rods: convert visual stimuli into chemical and electrical stimuli; color
aqueous humor: supplies nutrition to cones and lens; maintains pressure in cornea
cones: converts visual into electrical stimuli
cornea: controls and focuses entry of light; refracts light into lens
tapetum lucidum: enhances night vision in animals
optic nerve: transfer visual info from retina to visual centers
choroid layer: provides nourishment to outer layers of retina
sclera: protects, provides shape, and gives muscles attachment
lateral/medial: lateral and medial movement
inferior oblique: moves eye downward
fat tissue: cushion and protect
superior oblique rectus: elevation and adduction of eye
Diseases
Endocrine
Gigantism: result of hyposecretion; targets epithelial growth plates
Hyperprolactinemia: hypersecretion of prolactin; pituitary tumor
Diabetus insipidus: intense thirst and urine output; caused by tumor or blow to the head
Myxedema: severe hypothyroid syndrome
Goiter: enlarged protruding thyroid gland
Grane's Disease: thyroid gland stimulated by antibodies
Hyperparathyroidism: paratyhroid gland tumor; calcium leeches from bones
Aldosteronism: results from adrenal tumors; leads to hypertnesion and endema
Cushing's Syndrome: ACTH-releasing tumor; malignancy of lungs, kidneys, pancreas
Addison's disease: hyposecretion disorder of adrenal cortex
Diabetus Meletus: hyposecretion of insulin; two types
Signs
Polydipia: dehydration
Polyphasia: excessive hunger
Polyuria: excessive glucose
Symptoms: thirst, hunger, weight loss, excessive urination, vision changes, etc.
Eye
Retina detachment: pigmented and neural layers separate; happens when retina is torn
Glaucoma: fluid backs up and pressure increases
Cataract: clouding lens which causes distortion; heavy exposure to light or smoking can cause cataracts
Myopia: "short-vision"; distant objects in front of retina rather than on it
Hyperopia: "far-vision"; "farsightedness"; direct objects behind retina
Major Functions of Endocrine
hormone release (through the blood)
acts as diffuse locations/targets
long-duration response
release of hormones (travel long distances)
initiates responses quickly
Reproduction, Growth, maintains nourishment and water; regulation of metabolism and energy
Glands and Organs (Function)
Pancreas
releases juices directly into the bloodstream
releases juices into ducts
breaks down food that has left the stomach
Adrenal Gland
produce hormones that help regulate your metabolism, immune system, blood pressure, response to stress and other essential functions
responsible for producing different hormones
Thymus
important function both in the immune system and endocrine system
serves a vital role in the training and development of T-lymphocytes or T cells
Testes
produces sperm
secretes testosterone
Thyroid gland
regulate the body's metabolic rate, heart, and digestive function
muscle control, brain development, mood and bone maintenance
functioning depends on having a good supply of iodine from the diet
Ovaries
produces eggs
produces estrogen and progesterone
Hypothalamus
link between the endocrine and nervous systems
produces releasing and inhibiting hormones
stop and start the production of other hormones throughout the body
Pituitary Gland
secrete hormones in the bloodstream
Pineal Gland
regulation and release of melatonin (regulates sleep)
researchers are still not sure of all the functions of the gland
production and regulation of hormones
Hormones, Target Organs, and Function
Adrenocorticotropic Hormone (ACTH)
Target: adrenal cortex
Functions: promotes release of glucocorticoids and androgens; stimuli increases fever, hypoglycemia, and stresses
Prolactin (PRL)
Traget: breast; secretory tissue
Functions: promotes lactation; release enhanced by estrogen, birth control, breast-feeding,dopamine
Thyrtoid-Stimulating Hormone (TSH)
functions: stimulates the thyroid to release hormones, stimulated by TSH and leads to cold tempratures in infants
target: thyroid
Follicle-stimulating Hormone (FSH)
Target: ovaries and testes
functions: stimulates ovarian follicle maturation and estrogen production; stimulates sperm production
Growth Hormone (GH)
Target: liver, muscle, cartilage, other tissue
Functions: stimulates somatic growth, mobilizes fat, and spares glucose; triggered by low blood levels of GH
Lutenizing Hormone (LH)
Target: ovaries and testes
Function: triggers ovulation and ovarian production of estrogen
Antidiuretic Hormone (ADH)
target: kidneys
functions: stimulates kidney tubule cells; reabsorbs water
Oxytocin
target: uterus and breasts
function: neurotransmitter in the brain; important to uterine contraction and labor; helps release milk to the infants during breastfeeding
Hormones
Thyroid Hormone
Function: initiates transcription and increases body heat
Target: thyroid
Calcitonin
target: skeleton
function: inhibits osteoclast activity, release of calcium, and bone resorption
Parathyroid hormone
functions: controls calcium in the blood; falling blood levels trigger release
target: skeleton, kidneys, and intestines
Cortisol
functions: influences energy of metabolism
target: liver
Aldosterone
functions: increases blood pressure and leads to the reabsorption of water
target: kidneys
Epinephrine
functions: raises glucose levels
target: cardiac
Insulin
function: enhances diffusion of glucose
target: brain
Glucagon
functions: raises glucose levels in blood
target: liver
Testosterone
functions: initiates maturation of male reproductive organs and sex characteristics; sperm production
target: testes
Estrogen
functions: appearance of female sex characteristics; breast development; maturation of reproductive organs
Progesterone
functions: responsible for preparing uterus for fertilized ovum
target: uterus
Melatonin
functions: powerful antioxidant; helps establish sleep-wake cycles
target: brain
Thymosin
functions: stimulate production of T cells; assists in development of B cells
target: white blood cells