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Eyes and Endocrine Abigail Pratt Period 4 (Major Structures + Functions of…
Eyes and Endocrine Abigail Pratt Period 4
Major Functions of the Endocrine System
Made up of glands that produce and secrete hormones, (chemical substances produced in the body) that regulate the activity of cells or organs. These hormones regulate the body's growth, metabolism, along with sexual development and function.
Major Structures + Functions of Eye
Sclera
Tough outer layer of eye
Cornea
Clear, protective (and sensitive) layer covering pupil
Pupil
Hole in eye, light enters through. Size controlled by iris
Iris
Dilates pupil to control how much light make it into the eye
Lens
Focuses light on the retina, changes shape based on light and distance
Cilary Body
Helps adjust shape and tension of lens
Cilary Zonule / Suspensory Ligaments
Help adjust shape and tension of lens
Tapedum Lucidum
Not found in humans, reflective layer that aids in night vision
Choroid
Contains nutrients, helps get rid of waste
Optic Nerve
Transmits information from eye to brain
Vitreous Humor
Helps keep shape of eye, contains nutrients
Aqueous Humor
Between cornea and pupil, helps keep shape of eye
Fatty Tissue
Shock protection for eye
Retina
Processes information, contains rods and cones (dim-light/peripheral and color/light)
Functions of hormones
Adrenaline
Fight-or-flight response, stimulated by stress/danger
Melatonin
SLEEP NOW, HUMAN. IT IS DARK.
Glucagon
Raises blood sugar levels
Insulin
Lowers blood sugar levels
Growth Hormone
Stimulates normal growth patterns
Diabetes Mellitus
Insulin deficiency causes large amounts of blood glucose to be lost in the urine
Eye Diseases
Glaucoma
Build-up of aqueous humor
Cataract
Cloudy vision caused by thickening of the lens, can be congenital
Endocrine Diseases
Diabetes Insipidus
Marked by intense thirst and huge urine output
Hypersecretion of GH
Gigantism
Hyposecretion of GH
Pituitary Dwarfism
Hyperprolactinemia
Inappropriate lactation, lack of menses, infertility in females and impotency in males
Myxedema
Low metabolic rate; feeling chilled; constipation; thick, dry skin and puffy eyes; edema; lethargy; and mental sluggishness. Goiters can be a side-effect.
Graves' Disease
Autoimmune condition, abnormal antibodies mimic TSH and stimulate TH release instead of inhibiting it
Hyperparathyroidism
Parathyroid gland tumor. Calcium leeches from bones.
Aldosteronism
Hypertension and edema, accelerated secretion of potassium ions.
Cushing's Syndrome/Disease
Elevated blood glucose levels, hypertension, etc
Adrenogenital Syndrome
Masculinization. Fine in adult males, not so great for everyone else.
Pheochromocytoma
Produces symptoms of uncontrolled sympathetic nervous system activity
Major Glands/Organs + Functions
Pituitary Gland
Anterior
GH
Causes growth
TSH
Stimulates normal development and secretory activity of the thyroid gland
ACTH
Promotes release of glucocorticoids and androgens
PRL
Promotes lactation
LH
Triggers ovulation, production of estrogen and progesterones in women. Promotes testosterone production in men.
Posterior
ADH
Stimulates kidney tubule cells to reabsorb water from forming urine back into blood
Oxytocin
Stimulates uterine contractions, initiates labor. Initiates milk ejection.
Thyroid Gland
TH
promotes normal functions of bodily systems
Calcitonin
Has a bone-sparing effect
Parathyroid Gland
PTH
Controls calcium balance in blood
Adrenal Cortex
Cortisol
Mobilizes fats for energy metabolism; stimulates protein catabloism; assists body to resist stressors; depresses inflammatory and immune responses
Adrenal Medulla
Epinephrine / Norepinephrine
Fight-or-flight responses
Pancreas (islets)
Glucagon
Raises blood sugar levels
Testes
Testosterone
Male development hormone
Ovaries
Estrogen
Female development hormone
Thymus
Thymosin
Promotes natural functions