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Eye and Endocrine System (Addie Stendal, Period 4) (major structures +…
Eye and Endocrine System (Addie Stendal, Period 4)
hormones + target organs & functions
Anterior Pituitary
Growth Hormone: muscle, bone, cartilage; promotes growth
Thyroid-Stimulating Hormone: thyroid gland; stimulates thyroid to release thyroid hormones
Adrenocorticotropic Hormone: adrenal cortex; promotes release of glucocorticoids and androgens
Follicle Stimulating Hormone: ovaries and testes; ovarian follicle maturation and production of estrogen in women, promotes sperm production in men
Prolactin: breast secretory tissue; promotes lactation
Luteinizing Hormone: ovaries and testes; promotes ovulation in women and testosterone production in men
Posterior Pituitary
Antidiuretic Hormone: kidneys; reabsorbs water from urine back into bloodstream
Oxytocin: uterus, breasts; initiates labor contractions and initiates milk ejection
Thyroid Gland
Thyroid Hormone: every cell in the body; increases metabolic rate and body heat; maintains homeostasis (O2 levels, musc. dvlpt, reproductive ability + lactation)
calcitonin: bone cells; inhibits osteoclast activity & stimulates Ca+ uptake ( less Ca+ in blood)
Adrenal Cortex & Medulla
Cortisol: most body cells; promote gluconeogenesis (formation of glucose)
Aldosterone: kidney tubules; stimulate Na+ resorbtion; K+ secretion for elimination
Epinephrine: heart & skin musc.; stimulate metabolic activities, heart stimulant
Norepinephrine: heart & skin musc.; maintain blood pressure
Parathyroid Gland
Parathyroid Hormone: blood cells, bones, kidneys; helps regulate Ca balance in blood, stimulates osteoclasts to digest Ca & enhances kindey's reabsorption of Ca
Pancreas
Insulin: all body cells; control glucose levels in blood (LOWERS BLOOD SUGAR)
Glucagon: liver; prevents blood sugar from dropping too low, stimulates conversion of stored glycogen (in liver) to glucose
Testes
Testosterone: most body cells, testes; development of reproductive tissues (testes & prostate), promotes secondary sex characteristics
Ovaries
Estrogen: ovaries; development of secondary sex characteristics
progesterone: uterus; thickens endometrium every month (periods, ovulation)
Pineal Gland
Melatonin: brain?; regulates sleep cycles
thymus
Thymosin: stimulates production of T-cells
major structures + functions of the eye
sclera: protect the eye & give it shape
choroid layer: nourishes the retina
cornea: allows light to enter the eye
ciliary body: bulge and stretch lens to focus light
lens: focuses light onto the retina
retina: turns light into chemical and electrical signals
vitreous humor: keeps shape of the eye
fatty tissue: cushions the eye in the socket
iris: controls the size of the pupil
pupil: allows light to enter the eye
optic nerve: sends chemical & electrical signals from retina to visual centers in brain
diseases associated with the eye
sty: painful inflammation of the sebaceous glands in the eye
conjunctivitis: inflammation of the conjunctiva
pinkeye: infection of the conjunctiva
diplopia: a paralysis or weakness of certain extrinsic muscles that causes double vision
retinal detachment: the pigmented and neural layers of the retina separate, allowing the vitreous humor to seep between them; can cause permanent blindness
cataracts: clouding of the lens, causing cloudy vision
myopia: nearsightedness; eyeball is too long
major functions of the endocrine system
secrete hormones that regulate:
reproduction
growth
water & nutrient balance
mobilization of bodily defenses
diseases associated with endocrine system
gigantism: hypersecretion of G.H.; very tall
acromegaly: excessive G.H. after closure of epiphyseal plates closed; enlarged hands, feet, face
pituitary dwarfism: hyposecretion of G.H.
myxedema: hypothyroid; low metabolic rate, puffy eyes, mental sluggishness
Graves' Disease: abnormal antibodies produced that attack thyroid cells; mimic TSH and stimulate TH release
hyperparathyroidism: Ca is leached from bones; bones soften and deform
Diabetes Mellitus: caused by hyposecretion/hypoactivity of insulin
Type 1: insulin is not present
Type 2: insulin is deficient
polyuria: large urine output due to excessive glucose in blood
polydipsia: excessive thirst
polyphagia: excessive hunger & food consumption; body cannot use glucose, even though it is availabe