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Eye & the Endocrine System (structures & functions of the eye…
Eye & the Endocrine System
structures & functions of the eye
cornea
with lens and humors, focuses light onto the retina
iris
contractile structure, controls light entering pupil, regulates amount of light entering the eye
lens
transmits image to retina
pupil
hole located in the iris that changes size to allow different amount of light enter
retina
contains light sensitive neurons (rods and cones)
choroid
thin membrane that provides oxygen and nourishment to outer retina
sclera
maintains shape of eye; protects internal structures; provides muscle attachment point
vitreous humor
maintains shape and pressure of eye
aqueous humor
maintain pressure and shape of eyeball
conjunctiva
lubricates the eye
fat tissue
provides cushion
superior oblique
abduction, muscles rotate eyeball
inferior oblique
elevating eye
optic nerve
transports electric signals to the brain
ciliary muscles
controls the shape of the lens to better fovea light onto the retina
diseases associated with the eye
Cataract
disease symptoms are dull, blurriness, faded colors, yellow tint around light and is treated by surgery
Glaucoma
compression of retina and optic nerve, drainage of aqueous humor becomes blocked, leading to build-up of fluid in eye, increased pressure
sty
inflammation of ciliary gland, small pimple around eyelash folicles
Myopia
Image focused in front of retina (near sighted) eyeball too long
Hyperopia
Image focused behind the retina (far sighted) eyeball too tall
functions of endocrine system
regulates internal environment by secreting hormones into the body
hormones
chemical messengers produced in one location and transported to a target cell to which it exerts its effects
hormones & target organs
anterior pituitary
growth hormone (GH)
target: liver, adipose tissue
function: promotes growth and development
thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH)
target: thyroid gland
function: secretion of thyroid hormone
adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH)
target: adrenal gland
function: secretion of glucocorticoid, mineralocorticoid and androgens
prolactin (PRL)
target: ovaries, mammary glands, testes
function: secretion of estrogens/progesterone, and milk production
follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH)
target: gonads
function: growth of reproductive system; stimulates egg/sperm production
luteinizing hormone (LH)
target: gonads
function: sex hormone production
posterior pituitary
Oxytocin
target: Uterus, mammary glands
function: Uterine contractions, lactation
Antidiuretic hormone (Vasopressin )
target: Kidneys
function: Stimulates water retention, raises blood pressure
thyroid gland
thyroid hormone (thyroxine and triiodothyronine) (TH)
target: general body cells
function: increases metabolic rate
calcitonin
target: bone
function: lowers blood calcium
parathyroid
parathyroid hormone (PTH)
target: bone, kidney, digestive tract
function: raises blood pressure
adrenal cortex
cortisol (glucocorticoids)
target: body tissue
function: increases blood glucose levels , weakens immune system
aldosterone (mineralocorticoids)
target: kidney
function: increases sodium absorption and potassium excretion in kidneys, increases water retention
adrenal medulla
epinephrine / Norepinephrine
target:heart, lungs, liver
function: helps cope with stress, increases heart rate and blood pressure, increases blood glucose
pancreas (islets)
insulin
target: general body cells, liver, skeletal muscle
function: lowers blood glucose levels
glucagon
target: liver
function: raises glucose in blood
testes
testosterone
target: most body cells, testes
function: maturation of male reproductive organs and secondary sex characteristics
ovaries
estrogen
targets: body cells, ovaries
functions: maturation of female reproductive organs and secondary sex characteristics
progesterone
targets: uterus and breasts
functions: prepares uterus for pregnancy; menstrual cycle
pineal gland
melatonin
target: hypothalamus
function: regulates daily rhythms such as sleep and wakefulness
thymosin
target: tissues in immune system
function: immune system development and function
diseases associated with endocrine system
diabetes inspidus
symptoms include excessive thirst, large amounts of urine and sodium being excreted from the body
result of decreased secretion of antidiuretic hormone
Cushing syndrome
may be the result of a pituitary tumor or a primary adrenal gland dysfunction
signs include abnormally pigmented skin, "moon face", pads of fat on the chest and abdomen, "buffalo hump", wasting away of the muscle, and hypertension
gigantism
condition brought about by hyper secretion of growth hormone before puberty
goiter
enlargement of thyroid gland
graves disease
a disorder of the thyroid gland characterized by the presence of goiter and abnormal protrusion of the eyeballs (puffy eyes)
myxedema
resulting from a deficiency of the thyroid hormone thryoxine
signs include puffiness of the face and hands, coarse and thickened skin, enlarged tongue, slow speech and anemia
functions of glands/organs
parathyroid
secretes hormones needed for calcium absorption
thyroid
regulates energy and metabolism
thymus
helps build resistance to disease
hypothalamus
releases hormones
controls body temperature
regulates thirst and sleep
adrenal glands
regulates metabolic processes
pituitary gland
controls all other glands and influences growth
pancreas
aids in digestion of protein
produces insulin which controls blood sugar