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22-year old male complaining of reduced size of testicles, fear of…

- - - - Delusions
  - - - Blocked or infected pores
        
        Cysts
  - - - Puts strain on heart to pump blood; heart enlarges
        
        Heart damage from pumping too hard
        
        Heart attack
    - - Increased likelihood of atherosclerosis
        
        DVT
        
        Pulmonary embolism
        
        Chronic venous insufficiency
        
        Post-thrombotic Syndrome
        
        Heart attack
        
        Arrhymias
        
        Heart failure, rupture
        
        Cardiogenic shock
        
        Damaged valves
        
        Stroke
        
        Increased risk of DVT
        
        Depression
        
        Aphasia
        
        Involuntary muscle tightening or spasticity
    - - Kidney Failure
- - - - Regulating growth, metabolism, & different chemical processes/ metabolism
        
        Maintaining homeostasis of blood composition and volume
        
        Controlling reproductive activities
    - - Two Types
        
        Local Hormones: short-lived molecules in tissue where they were produced
        
        Autocrine Stimulation: molecules acting on same cells that produce them; act on receptors on plasma membrane of target cells
        
        Paracrine Stimulation: act on nearby cells, diffusing source to target cells in enighborhood
        
        Eicosanoids: signaling molecules made from arachidonic acid (polyunsaturated fatty acid)
        
        Prostaglandins: stimulate hypothalamus,, inhibit stomach acid secretion, act on mast cells to increase inflammation, stimulating pain receptors
        
        Thromboxanes: clot formation
        
        Leukotrienes:tightening of airways & production of mucus and fluid; key role in allergies & asthma
        
        Synthesized from enzyme catalyst that begins w/ phospholipids & plasma membrane
        
        Circulating Hormones: transported within the blood & binds to distant target cells
        
        Steroids
        
        Biogenic Amines
        
        Proteins
        
        Small chains of amino acids
        
        1 more item...
        
        Water Soluble
        
        Antidiuretic hormone, insulin, glucagon, growth hormone
        
        Monoamines or modified amino acids
        
        Removed carboxyl group from amino acid
        
        Catecholamines (Epinephrine & Norepinephrine) from adrenal medulla
        
        Thyroid Hormone from thyroid
        
        Melatonin from pineal gland
        
        Water soluble except for thyroid hormone (lipid-soluble)
        
        Synthesized from cholesterol
        
        Lipid-Soluble
        
        Produced in gonads (estrogen/ progesterone, testosterone) & adrenal cortex (cortisol & aldosterone)
  - - - Regulatory Hormones: control release of hormones from ant. pituitary
      - Antidiuretic Hormone: decrease urine output & increase fluid retention by kidneys
      - Pituitary Gland: secrete growth & reproductive hormones, also neurotransmitters
        
        Anterior Pituitary
        
        Thyroid Stimulating Hormone: stimulates thyroid to release thyroid hormone
        
        Prolactin: breast milk production
        
        Follicle-Stimulating Hormone: development of oocytes & ovarian follicles; dev. of sperm in testes
        
        Luteinizing Hormone: induces ovulation; controls testosterone synthesis in testes
        
        Adrenocorticotropic Hormone: stimulate adrenals to release cortisol
        
        Growth Hormone: induces growth & release of insulin-like growth factors from liver
        
        Posterior Pituitary
        
        Oxytocin & Antidiuretic (mentioned above)
        
        Pineal Gland: regulates circadian rhythm/ induces sleep
        
        Melatonin: induces drowsiness
        
        Thyroid Gland: regulate metabolic rate of tissues
        
        Triiodothyronine & Thyroxine: increase metabolic rate of cells
        
        Calcitonin: decreases blood calcium levels
        
        Parathyroid Gland: regulate Ca2+ levels
        
        Parathyroid Hormone: increases blood Ca2+ levels by breaking down bone
        
        Thymus: production & storage of T-lymphocytes
        
        Thymosin: induces production of t-lymphocytes
        
        Thymopoietin: maturation of t-lymphocytes
        
        Thymulin: induces differentiation of t-lymphocytes
        
        Adrenal Cortex: regulation of BP, HR, and cellular metabolism in high-stress situations
        
        5 more items...
      - Oxytocin: contraction of smooth muscle; bonding
    - - Up-Regulation: cell produces more receptors to increase response to a specific stimulus
        
        Down-Regulation: cell decreases sensitivity to hormone by decreasing amount of available receptors
        
        More of a drug will have to be given to combat these effects, although it may worsen the downregulation
      - Negative Feedback: process by which hormone release is triggered and hormone levels maintained
        
        Receptors sense an increase in glucose levels in the blood; action potential sent to the control center to interpret; control center determines levels of glucose are too high & sends a signal to the pancreas; pancreas gets message & secretes insulin (effector) to decrease blood glucose levels
    - - Regulatory hormone excreted from hypothalamus to the anterior pituitary gland to excrete a specific hormone
        
        Gonadotropin-Releasing Hormone lands on a gonadotrope & releases either FSH or LH
        
        FSH & LH travel to testes; hormone's effects take place