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Eye and Endocrine (major structures and functions (ciliary body/muscle:…
Eye and Endocrine
major structures and functions
ciliary body/muscle:
controls shape of lens
lens:
focuses light rays
aqueous humor:
water fluid behind cornea
sclera:
white part of eye
vitreous humor:
jelly fluid maintaining eyeball shape
choroid:
dark pigment layer (under sclera)
retina:
sensory receptor cells
cornea:
transparent covering
fovea:
sharp focus
pupil:
opening that lets light into eye
optic disc:
no receptors and send information to brain
iris:
circular muscle; controls size of pupil
conjunctiva:
mucous membrane covering the front surface of the sclera and shaping the eyelid
major gland/organ
pineal gland:
produces melatonin and keeps tracks of sleeping cycle
hypothalamus:
located at the base of the brain near the pituitary gland; releases hormones and regulate body temperature
thyroid gland:
releases hormone that regulates the body metabolic rate
pituitary gland:
regulates vital body functions and controls activity of most hormones aka master gland
thymus:
butterfly part above the chest; part of the endocrine system
parathyroid:
located in the neck and controls body calcium; produces parathyroid hormone
pancreas:
located in the abdomen, both in the endocrine and exocrine gland; digestion and regulate blood sugar
adrenal glands:
top of the kidney, produce hormones(sex hormones and cortisol)
testes:
located under the scrum; primary reproductive organ in male; produce sperm and testosterone
ovaries:
two main reproductive functions, produce oocytes(eggs); produce reproductive hormones (oestrogen and progesterone)
major function of endocrine system
precise and only affect specific target cells
regulate a number of metabolic processes
communicate with cells using chemicals called hormones
pituitary, thyroid,parathyroid, adrenal, pancreas, pineal,reproductive, and thymus gland,
hormones
non-steroid:
located inside target cell's membrane; triggers signal transduction (cascade)
prostaglandins:
affect organ in which they are produced (relax smooth muscles, contract muscles, stimulate secretion of other hormones/chemicals, blood pressure,
steroid:
made from cholesterol; receptors are located inside the target cells (nucleus)
diseases
endocrine system
hypothyroidism:
fatigue, weakness, weight gain or difficulty losing weight
goiter:
lack of iodine; swelling of the thyroid
diabetes mellitus:
cells burn fat or protein instead of sugar, sugar leaks into urine, weakens immune system, can damage nerves
graves disease:
autoimmune disorder that causes hyperthyroidism
type II diabetes:
the body produces insulin, but the cells do not respond to it; insulin production; become overweight
decreases
hyperthyroidism:
high metabolic rate, rapid heartbeat, weight loss, nervousness
cushing's disease:
too much cortisol in your body for a prolonged period of time; causes tumor
growth hormone
Hyper-secretion:
caused by anterior pituitary tumor; giantism (acromegaly)
Hypo-secretion:
pituitary dwarfism
eye
hyperopia (farsighted):
distant objects clear but close objects blurry
astigmatism:
unequal curvatures
myopia (nearsighted):
distant objects appear blurry
color blindness:
inability to perceive color due to defective cones
glaucoma:
damage of the optic nerve causing blindness
conjunctivitis:
inflammation in the conjunctiva usually bacteria or viral infection
cataracts:
clouding of lens