Please enable JavaScript.
Coggle requires JavaScript to display documents.
CH.11 Energy Metabolism: Respiration (Types of Respiration (Aerobic…
CH.11 Energy Metabolism: Respiration
Types of Respiration
Anaerobic Respiration
of glucose
without oxygen
fermentation
respiration without oxygen
obligate anaerobes
bacteria killed by oxygen
glycolysis
glucose broken down
Glycolysis Steps
substrate-level phosphorylation
ADP to ATP
NAD+ to NADH
ANIMALS: NADH + pyruvate (electron acceptor) = lactate
PLANTS & FUNGI: acetaldehyde (from pyruvate) + NADH = ethanol
facultatively anaerobic
switch from aerobic
Aerobic Respiration
requires oxygen
oxygen absorbed
proton acceptor
3 parts:
glycolysis
ATP + NADH
oxidative phosphorylation (electron transport chain)
flavin mononucleotide (FMN)
protein coefactor
ubiquinone
accepts electrons from FMN
cytochrome oxidase
enzyme complex
citric acid cycle
obligate (strict aerobes)
facultatively aerobic
switch
switch to anaerobic
Lithotrophic
autotrophs
CO2 as prime C source
heterotrophs
no CO2 or Calvin cycle
Heat-Generating
No ATP
thermogenic respiration
??? still unknown
Pentose Phosphate Pathway
similar cycle
Respiration of Lipids
B-oxidation
Photorespiration
RuBP carboxylase adds oxygen
Integrated Metabolism
photoautotrophs
photosynthetic + Calvin cylce
conventional heterotrophs
eat to get ATP
photoheterotrophs
absorb carbon for ATP
Environmental and Internal Factors
Temperature
+10°C
doubles respiration
below 5°C
slows respiration
above 30°C
increases respiration (not as fast)
above 40°C
respiration slows greatly
Lack of Oxygen
hypoxia
less amount O2
anoxia
no O2
flooding roots kills plants
Internal Regulation
specific metabolic controls
active motabolism
high levels of aerobic respiration
varies on type
fruit
steady respiration then inc.
seeds
mature embryo
respiration decreases dramtically
dormant (no respiration)
Total Energy Yield of Respiration
anaerobic glycolysis
4 ATP synthesized
2 ATP
1 mol of glucose fermented
aerobic respiration
up to 38 ATP
more efficient than anaerobic
Pentose phosphate pathway
2 NADPH
reduced to CO2 and 6 NADPH
nitrate to amino acids
sulfates to sulfhydryls
carbohydrates to fats
produces 0 - 12 ATP
Lipid Respiration
ATP varies
length of fatty acid
acetyl CoA enters
complete respiration not occur
Respiratory Quotient
rise in RQ =
anabolic needs met
extra for respiration
calculate respiration
ratio: CO2 liberated/O2 consumed
RQ various compounds
glucose
RQ=1
6CO2 / 6O2
lipid
RQ= 0.7
almost no O2
fermentation
No O2 consumption
citric acid
RQ=1.33
have large amounts of O2
acids (RQ= +1)
Fermentation of Alcoholic Beverages
Beer
fermenting starchy grains
barley
most common type
starch to sugar quickest
wheat
"wheat beer"
corn
rice
sake (rice wine)
super strong
served hot
Hops
Humulus lupulus
bitter tatse
Lights
more starches to sugars
brew mash with less carbs
Wine
fermented fruit juices
many different types
chardonnay
pinot noir
cabernet sauvignon
merlot
fermentation vats
CO2 leaves
O2 does NOT enter
Spirits
ethanol +20%
kill yeast
for higher alcohol content:
strong ethanol added
distillation
solution is heated
vapors are carried away in tubes
Warnings
ethanol is depresent
DUI
drunk driving
5th greatest cause of death in US
addictive
alcoholism
fetal alcohol syndrome
death
one to several college kids
disrupts lipids in cell membrain
