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Male bodybuilder has a case of testicular shrinkage due to anabolic…
Male bodybuilder has a case of testicular shrinkage due to anabolic steroid abuse
Upstream Causes:
Down regulation may explain testicular shrinkage due to lack of testosterone production. Infertility and organ failure can occur.
Anabolic steroids decrease recovery time and vastly increase muscle mass and performance in a short amount of time.
Downstream Effects:
Continued abuse of steroids will cause a down regulation of testosterone. This will eventually lead to no receptors and eventually his body will not longer produce its own testosterone.
Without testosterone production, the body will begin to use female hormone, causing female attributes to become more noticeable
ANATOMY
Major Endocrine Glands
Parathyroid Gland
: posterior of thyroid gland
PTH:
Parathyroid Hormone
Adrenal Gland
: atop of kidneys
Adrenal
Cortex
Cortisol
Androgens
Aldosterone
Adrenal
Medulla
Epinepherine Norepinephrine
Thyroid Gland
: inferior to larynx
T3/T4: Calcitonin
Thymus Gland:
located posterior to sternum
Thymopoeitin
Pituitary Gland:
located within sella turcica
Posterior
Pituitary
OT:
Oxytocin
ADH
: Antidiuretic Hormone
Anterior
Pituitary
FSH
: Follicle Stimulating Hormone
LH
: Luteinizing Hormone
ACTH
: Adrenalcorticotrophic Hormone
GH
: Growth Hormone
PRL
: Prolactin
TSH
: Thyroid Stimulating Hormone
Ovaries
: pelvic cavity of female
Estrogen
Progesterone
Testes
: outside pelvic cavity of male
Testosterone
Pineal Gland:
located in 3rd ventricle
Melatonin
Hypothalamus
: located in 3rd ventricle
PIH:
Prolactin Inhibiting Hormone
PRH:
Prolactin Releasing Hormone
GnRH
: Gonadotrophin Releasing Hormone
TRH
: Thyrotrophin Releasing Hormone
GHIH
: Growth Hormone Inhibiting Hormone
GHRH:
Growth Hormone Releasing Hormone
CRH
: Corticotrophic Releasing Hormone
Pancreas
: near small intestine
Glucagon
Insulin
Hormonal Pathway
Hypothalamus
Passes to the
Pituitary
gland through the
infundibulum
From the anterior pituitary hormone
FSH
, leads to the
testes
2 major kinds of hormones
Amino Acid
Based Hormones
Size varies (derivatives, peptides, proteins, etc)
Water soluble,
cannot
pass through plasma membrane
Most common type of hormone
Steroid
Hormones
Synthesized from cholesterol
Only gonadal and adrenocortical hormones are steroids
All lipid soluble,
can
pass plasma membrane
PHYSIOLOGY
Functions of Hormones
Adrenal Gland
Adrenal Cortex
Cortisol:
stress response; anti-inflammatory
Aldosterone
: Conserve sodium and water
Adrenal Medulla
Epinephrine
: same as SNS
Thymus Gland
Thymopoeitin
: immunity
Parathyroid Gland
PTH
: Withdrawl of Ca from bone to raise blood Ca
Ovaries
Estrogen
: promotes femaleness
progesterone
: maintain pregnancy
Pituitary Gland
Anterior Pituitary
LH:
ovulation
GH
: Growth protein synthesis
FSH:
reproductive hormone stimulus
PRL
: formation of milk
TSH:
stimulation of thyroid
ACTH:
stimulates adrenal cortex
Posterior Pituitary
OT:
parturition
ADH:
conserve water
Testes
Testosterone
: Promotes maleness
Pineal Gland
Melatonin
: inhibit early sex development
Thyroid Gland
Calcitonin:
Ca diposition
Pancreas
Glucagon
: raise blood sugar
Insulin
: sugar transport, storage, and usage
Hypothalamus
GHIH:
Inhibits GH production
TRH:
Stimulates TSH production
GHRH:
Stimulates GH production
GnRH
: Stimulates gonadotrophin production
PRH:
Stimulates Prolactin production
CRH:
Stimulates ACTH production
PIH: I
nhibits Prolactin production
Feedback Loops:
large number of high-affinity receptors produces a pronounced hormonal effect
smaller number of low-affinity receptors reduces the target cell
Down-Regulation:
prolonged exposure to high hormone concentration can decrease the number of receptors
Up-Regulation
: low levels of hormone cause target cells to form additional receptors
General Function of Endocrine system
Influences metabolic activity by means of
hormones
Metabolic functions
include:
Maintenance of electrolyte, water, and nutrient balance of the blood
Regulation of cellular metabolism and energy balance
Growth & Development
Mobilization of body defenses
Reproduction