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Eye and The Endocrine p7 Leslie Ross (Major structures and functions of…
Eye and The Endocrine p7 Leslie Ross
Major structures and
functions of the eye
Sclera- maintains shape of eye; provides muscle attachment point and consider "white of eye"
Choroid- thin membrane that provides oxygen and nourishment to outer retina
Retina- contains light sensitive neurons
Conjunctive- thin, transparent mucous membrane
Cornea- with lens and humors, focuses light onto the retina
Ciliary Body- contraction of muscles controls shape of lens
Suspensory Ligaments- attach ciliary body to lens
Iris- contractile structure, controls light entering pupil
Fovea Centralis- portion of retina that where light is most focused when eye is looking directly at an object
Optic Disc- "blind spot" where optic nerve and central retinal artery and vein enter eye
Lens- with corneas and humors, focuses light onto the retina
Vitreous Humor- maintains intraocular pressure; with cornea and lens, focuses light onto retina
Diseases associated with the eye
Hyperopia- farsightedness; focal point is behind the retina and vision; can be fixed with surgery or glasses/contacts
Myopia- nearsightedness; focal point is front of the retina causing vision to be blurred
Astigmatism- irregular shape of lens or cornea causing blurred vision
Cataracts- lens or outer layer becomes cloudy; due to exposure to UV light; can remove and return clear vision
Glaucoma- excessive pressure within the aqueous humor area of the eye; blindness can occur and damage the optic nerve without treatment
Conjunctivitis- the conjunctiva from bacteria or infection
Major glands/organs and their functions
Pancreas- regulates amount of sugar in the blood and secretes hormones to keep the body supplied with fuel to produce and maintain stores of energy
Pineal Gland- secretes melatonin
Pituitary Gland- responsible for controlling the body's growth and secretes hormones that responses to pain as well to make sex hormones
Adrenal Glands- one on top of each kidney and produce
hormones that regulates salt and water balance in the body but involved metabolism, immune system, and sexual development
Hypothalamus- secretion of hormones is regulated by the hypothalamus of the brain and link between the nervous and endocrine system
Thyroid Gland- affect metabolism, controls how quickly the body uses energy, makes proteins, and control how sensitive body is with other hormones
Parathyroids- helps regulate level of calcium in the blood
Diseases associated with the endocrine system
Crushing's Disease- too much cortisol in the body and produced by adrenal cortex; caused by tumor on pituitary, lungs, panirase kidney, etc; can be remove the tumor or discontinuation of drug
Type I Diabetes- beta cells don't make insulin leading blood sugar too high [80- 120 mg/d]. It cause sugar leaks to urine, weaken immune system and can damage nerves
Hypothyroidism- under- active thyroid and causes cretinism- dwarfism which adult body remain child like; weakness, weight gain or difficulty losing weight
Goiter- Needs Iodine to produce T3 and T4; swelling of the thyroid
Type II Diabetes- body produces insulin but the cells not respond insulin production decrease; it is cause by 80% of people with this form are overweight
Graves Disease- Autoimmune disorder that cause hyperthyroididm
Hyperthyroidism- Be genetic or caused by tumor on thyroid; high metabolic rate, weight loss, nervousness, and rapid heartbeat
name of hormones produced and their target organ
Growth Hormone- stimulate their growth, repair, and reproduction; target cells and body; anterior pituitary
Thyroid Stimulating Hormone- responsible for the stimulation; target thyroid gland; anterior pituitary
Antidiuretic Hormone- prevent water loss, it can increase water in the kidney and flowing the sweat gland; target kidney and sweat gland; posterior pituitary
Oxytocin- uterine contraction for child birth and produce and milk while feeding; target uterus and breast; posterior pituitary
Thyroid Hormone- increase levels that lead to cellular activity and energy usage in the body; target body's metabolic; Thyroid gland
Calcitonin- reduce the concentration of calcium ions in the blood and level rises; target blood; Thyroid gland
Parathyroid Hormone- to breakdown the calcium to release calcium into the blood stream and trigger kidney; target blood stream and kidney; Parathyroid Gland
Cortisol- breaking down of proteins and lipids to produce glucose and to reduce inflammation and immune response; target kidney ; Adrenal Cortex
Major functions of the endocrine system
The endocrine system is made up of glands that produce and secrete hormones, chemical substance produced in the body that regulates the activity of cell or organ. These hormones regulate the body's growth, metabolism ( the physical and chemical processes of the body), and sexual development and function
Is the collection of glands that produce hormones that regulate metabolism, growth, and development, tissue function, sexual function, reproduction, sleep, and mood, among others