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22 year old male bodybuilder abusing steroids (Major Endocrine glands…
22 year old male bodybuilder abusing steroids
Upstream
Downstream
Background
Abusing steroids
Direct
Months of steroids injections
Indirect
Wanting to build muscle mass
Continue to abuse steroids
Body wont respond to the steroid anymore
He will need to up his dosage
soon his body wont respond to steroids at all
His body wont produce testosterone anymore
His body will only be producing estrogen
In turn the body builder will start becoming more of a woman
High chance of becoming infertile
Risks
Stroke
Risk of forming blood clots
Heart attack
liver failure
Stops using steroids
Stops using steroids and working out
loose all muscle that was gained
looses strength
Stops but continues to work out and diet
Loose little amount of muscle that was gained
Will continue to grow muscle gradually
Amount of time he took steroids
Long period of time
He will loose the ability to create testosterone naturally
Short period of time
He will continue to create testosterone naturally
Effects of abusing steroids
Men
Development of chest cells in men.
Sudden mood changes.
Reducing of the testicles.
mental change
Depression
Insomnia
Anger
Painful erection
Women
The extreme growth of hair in women.
Deepening of the voice in women.
Why abuse steroids?
Change physical appearance
Get bigger
Used for a competitive edge
Enhance certain abilities
Feel stronger
Increase confience
Feed back process
Mechanism used
Positive feedback
Initial response enhances original stimulus
Results go towards the same directions as initial response
Variable will deviate further from original value
Results in Down regulation
Prolonged exposure to steroid
Decreases number of receptors for the hormone
Desensitize the target cells
Responds less vigorously to hormone stimulation
Feedback loops
Has Receptor, Control center, Effector
Positive feedback
Initial response enhances original stimulus
The variable deviates further from original stimulus
Example
Break/tear in blood vessel
Platelets go and release chemicals
chemicals attract more platelets
1 more item...
Negative feedback
Output shuts off original effect
changes in a direction opposite of initial change
preventing change with in body
Example
Control of blood sugar
Blood sugar rises
1 more item...
Regulations
Up regulation
low levels of hormone
Cause target cells to from additional receptors for that hormone
Down regulations
Prolong exposure to high hormone concentraation
Decrease receptors for the hormone
Function of Endocrine system
Regulates and maintain the different parts of the body
by releasing hormones known as chemical messengers
Produces and secreted by endocrine and exocrine glands
Two kinds of hormones
lipid soluble
steroids
passes through the plasma membrane
Amino acid based
Water soluable
cant pass the plasma membrane
epinephrine
thyroxine
Types of interaction on target cells
Synergism
One or more hormones produce the same effects at the target cells
their combined effects are amplified
Anagonism
One hormone can oppose the action of another hormone
Permissiveness
One hormone cant exert its full effect without another hormone present
Major Endocrine glands
Hypothalamus Gland
GHIH - Growth Hormone Inhibiting Hormone
Off switch to the production of the hormone
GnRH - Gonadotrophin Releasing Hormone
stimulates gonadotropin production in pituitary
GHRH - Growh Hormone Releasing Hormone
On switch to make the hormone
PRH - Prolactin Releasing Hormone
on switch to creating prolactin
CRH - Corticotrophic Releasing Hormone
stimulates ACTH production pituitary
PIH - Prolactin Inhibiting Hormone
off switch to the production of prolatcin
TRH - Thyrotrophin Releasing Hormone
stimulates TSH production in pituitary
Pineal Gland
Melatonin
regulates body rhythm
Adrenal Gland
Adrenal Medulla
Norepinephrine
sympathetic nervous system fight or flight
Epinephrine
sympathetic nervous system fight or flight
Adrenal Cortex
Aldosterone
to regulate the ratio of Na+ and K+
Cortisol
stress response
antiinflamitory
Androgens
body growth
libido
pubic/axillary hair
Pituitary Gland
Anterior pituitary
ACTH - Adrenalcorticotrophic Hormone
stimulates adrenal cortex
FSH - Follicle Stimulating Hormone
oogenesis and estrogen production
LH - Luteinizing Hormmone
ovulation
forming of corpus luteum
secretion of progesterone
GH - Growth Hormone
growth
protein synthesis
TSH - Thyroid Stimulating Hormone
stimulation of thyroid
PRL - Prolactin
formation of milk
Posterior pituitary
ADH - Antidiuretic Hormone
OT - Oxytocin
Thyroid Gland
T4- thyroxin
metabolism devleopment
Calcitonin
Ca deposition
T3- triiodothyronine
metabolism development
Pancreas
insulin
sugar transports
storage
usage
glucagon
raises blood sugar
Testes
Testosterone
promotes maleness
maturation of male reproductive organs
develop secondary sexual characteristics
live sperm production
Ovaries
Estrogen
promotes femaleness
causes menstruation
secondary sexual characteristics
mature female reproductive organs
Progesterone
maintains pregnancy
Thymus Gland
Thymopoeitin
stimulates immune system
Parathyroid Gland
PTH- Parathyroid hormone
withdrawal of ca from bone to raise blood ca
Hormonal pathway from hypothalamus to testes
hormonal stimuli
releases their hormones in response to hormones produced by other endocrine glands
when stimulated hypothalamic neurons secrete
releasing hormones into the primary capillary plexus
Step 2
hypothalamic hormones travel through portal veins to anterior pituitary
It'll stimulate release of hormones made in the anterior pituitary
Step 3
In response to the released hormones the anterior pituitary releases hormones into 2nd capillary plexus
this empties into general circulation
Why testicular shrinkage
loss of some of the germ cells and Leydig cells.