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22 year old man has testicular shrinkage (background (major endocrine…
22 year old man has testicular shrinkage
background
general function of endocrine system
produce and secrete hormones
the hormones regulate the body's growth, metabolism and sexual development
types of hormones
lipid soluble
binds to receptors located in the cytosol and nucleus
lipophilic
diffuses through plasma membrane
water soluble
need a second messenger hormones
polar
can't diffuse through membrane
major endocrine glands
pineal gland
melatonin
secretion is dedicated by light; help control your circadian rhythm & regulate certain reproductive hormones
pituitary gland
anterior lobe
adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH)
stimulates the adrenal glands to produce hormones
follicle stimulating hormone(FSH)
works with LH top ensure normal functioning of ovaries and testes
Growth hormone(GH)
essential in child growth
luteinizing hormone (LH)
works with FSH
Prolactin
stimulates breast milk production
thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH)
stimulates the thyroid gland to produce hormones
posterior lobe
Anti-diuretic hormone (ADH)
increase water absorption in the blood
oxytocin
involved in many processes, such as orgasm, the ability to trust, body temperature, sleep cycles, and the release of breast milk
hypothalamus
anti-diuretic hormone(ADH)
increases water absorption into the blood by kidneys
corticotropin-release hormone(CRH)
sends messages to the anterior pituitary gland to stimulate the adrenal glands to release corticosteroids
Gonadotropin-releasing hormone(GnRH)
stimulates the anterior pituitary to release follicle stimulating hormone(FSH) and luteinizing hormone(LH); which ensure normal functioning of the ovaries and testes
Growth hormone-releasing hormone(GHRH)
prompts the anterior pituitary to release growth hormones; in adults, aids in healthy bone and muscle mass and affects fat distribution
Oxytocin
involved in many processes, such as orgasm, the ability to trust, body temperature, sleep cycles, and the release of breast milk
Prolactin releasing hormone(PRH)
prompts the anterior pituitary to stimulate breast milk production through the production of prolactin
thyroid gland
T3 (triodothyronine)
increase metabolic rate of all cells
T4 (thyroxine)
increase metabolic rate of all cells
parathyroid
parathyroid hormone(PT)
regulates how much calcium is absorbed from your diet
how much calcium into the bones
how much calcium is excreted by your kidneys
possible causes of testicular shrinkage
anabolic steroid use
why take steroids
athletes seeking to improve their physique
gain muscle mass
potential effects of using anabolic steroids
low testosterone levels
hypogonadism
decreased sperm production
positive feedback
down regulation
downstream
continues to use steroids
severe acne, oily skin & hair
hair loss
liver disease
liver tumors
cysts
kidney disease
heart disease
heart attack
stroke
high blood pressure
withdraw symptoms
depression
headaches
anxiety
decrease sex drive
weight loss
drug cravings
decrease in blood pressure
insomnia
concepts of feedback loops
positive feedback
the output enhances the original stimulus
negative feedback
homeostasis control
hormonal pathway
hypothalamus and testes determine amounts of testosterone the testis receive
hypothalamus tells the pituitary gland release FSH & LH