Scientific Revolution
Age of Transition (1400-1700)
PERSIA
P::From local power to centralized authority
S: Relatively static
R: From one Christian Church to many
I: From all knowledge coming from the Church to increased curiosity
E: From agrarian to one based more on trade
A: Medieval art to the Renaissance and beyond
Astronomers:
Copernicus - created a model that showed a sun centered universe
Brahe - Danish astronomer - believed in an Earth centered system
Kepler - German astronomer, Brahe's assistant - elliptical orbits
Galileo - named the moons of Jupiter after the Medicis since he worked for one of them - popularized Copernicus' map
Newton - believed that the planets and all other physical objects in the universe moved through mutual attraction, or gravity
Philosophers:
Francis Bacon: Father of Empiricism
Rene Descartes: "I think, therefore I am"
Believed that God could not be wrong
Made a scientific method that relied more on deduction (reasoning from general principal to arrive at specific facts - then empirical observation & induction)
Scientific induction - scientists drew generalizations derived from the test hypotheses against empirical observations
Political Theorists
Thomas Hobbes : Apologist for Absolutism
Humans being inclined towards perpetual and restless desire for power
John Locke: Defender of Liberties
Wanted the government to pay more attention and help the citizens
Spread of Scientific Knowledge
The English Royal Society created a committee to investigate technology improvements
French Academy collected tools and machines
Women in the Scientific Revolution
Margaret Cavendish - complained that scientists enjoyed their "toys" more than solving problems - only woman invited to Royal Society of London
Maria Merian - drew images of plants and insects of South America
Maria Cunitz - wrote book on astronomy; husband insisted she was sale author
Maria Winkelmann - established calendar for Berlin Academy of Sciences
Queen Christina of Sweeden - patron to Rene Descartes - played role in planning his research
maria Celeste Galilei - illegitimate daughter of Galileo who was sent to convent as a young teen - sent letters to father while he was under house arrest and shared important info/discoveries while he was stuck there
Chemistry and Medicine in the Scientific Revolution
Paracelsus - "father of modern medicine"
Robert Boyle - first to conduct experiments and discovered atoms
Antoine Lavoisier - founder of modern chemistry
Vesalius - did anademy
William Harvey - demonstrated that the heart was the beginning point of blood