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Eyes and Endocrine System (Major structures and functions of the eye…
Eyes and Endocrine System
Major structures and functions of the eye
Sclera
: The white part of the eye that protects the eye
Choroid
: The dark part of the eye that gives nutrients to the eye
Cornea
: the transparent covering in the eye
Pupil
: Opening that lets light into the eye
Iris
: Circular muscle around the eye that helps control the size of the pupil
Lens
: Focuses light into the fovea
Vitreous humor
: jelly like fluid that is inside the fluid that helps keep the eye's shape intact
Ciliary body
: helps control the lens of the eye
Retina
: It is the layer of sensory receptor cells in the eye
Fovea
: small depression with high concentration of cones
Optic Disc
: The region with no receptors, receptors connect to optic nerve in the eye
Aqueous humor
: It is the water fluid behind the cornea in the eye
Major functions of the endocrine system
Helps maintain homeostasis
removes minerals from blood
regulates the development and growth of cells and organs
secrete hormones into blood stream
Diseases associated with the eye
Cataracts
: clouding of lens that causes the world to appear distorted
Color blindness
: Congenital lack of one or more cone type leads to partial color blindness
Astigmatism
:Unequal curvatures in diffrent parts of the cornea or lens leads to blurry images
Hyperopia
: People see distant objects well but close objects appear blurry
Myopia
: People see close objects well but distant objects blurry
Glaucoma
: when aqueous humor is blocked and fluid is backed up
Conjunctivitis
: Inflammation of the the conjunctiva usually from bacteria or viral infection
Major glands/organs and functions
Hypothalamus
: Functions to produce hormones stored in the posterior pituitary and hormones that affect the anterior pituitary
Pineal gland
: functions to secrete melatonin, regulate sleep cycles, alertness, and temperature
Pituitary gland
: functions to secrete hormones
Thyroid gland
: It is inferior to the larynx and is shield shaped
Parathyroid gland
: Are on the posterior surface of the thyroid gland and secrete parathyroid hormone, increasing blood calcium levels
Adrenal Gland
: are superior to the kidneys, producing adrenaline and hormones that control mineral balance, inflammation and metabolic functions
Names of the hormones produced and their target organs along with functions of the hormones
Anterior Pituitary
Growth Hormone (GH)
: Helps repair muscles as well as help them grow
Target
: Growth and repair
Thyroid Stimulating Hormone (TSH)
: responsible for the stimulation of the thyroid gland
Target
: Thyroid gland
Adrenocorticotropic Hormone (ACTH)
: stimulates the adrenal cortex to help produce its hormones
Target
: Adrenal cortex
Prolactin
(PRL): Stimulates mammary glands to help produce breast milk
Target
: Breast
Follicle-stimulating Hormone (FSH)
: Stimulates follicle cells of gonads to produce sex hormones
Target
: Follicle cells
Luteinizing Hormone
: stimulates gonads to help them produce sex hormones
Target
: Gonads
Posterior Pituitary
Antidiuretic Hormone (ADH)
: helps increase re-uptake in the body that reduces blood flow
Target
:Kidneys and sweat glands
Oxytocin
: Triggers uterus contractions during childbirth and helps release of breast milk
Target
: Uterus and breast
Thyroid Gland
Thyroid Hormone (TH)
: Prevents water loss in body
Target
: Kidneys
Calcitonin
: reduces the concentration of calcium ions by absorbing calcium from the matrix of bones
Target
: Calcium bone
Parathyroid Gland
Parathyroid Hormone (PTH)
: Affects calcium and phosphorous metabolism
Target
: Kidneys, intestine
Adrenal Medulla
Epinephrine
: stimulates breakdown of glycogen
Target
: Liver
Pineal Gland
Melatonin
: functions to help to regulate the human sleep-wake cycle
Target
: Brain
Adrenal cortex
Cortisol
: Stimulates break down of proteins
Target
: Liver, muscle
Aldosterone
: Regulates blood pressure
Target
: Kidney
Pancreas
Insulin
: stimulates glucose oxidation
Target
: Liver
Glucagon
: stimulates breakdown of glycogen
Target
: Liver
Ovaries
Progesterone
: maintains uterine lining during pregnancy
Target
: Ovaries
Estrogen
: Controls female secondary sex characteristics
Target
: Ovaries
Thymus
Thymosin
: immune responses
Target
: T cells
Testes
Testosterone
: controls male secondary sex characteristics
Target
: Testies
Diseases associated with the endocrine system
Hyperthyroidism
: Can be genetic or caused by tumor on thyroid and can cause rapid heartbeat, weight loss, and other symptoms.
Graves disease
: Autoimmune disorder that causes hyperthyroidism
Goiter
: lack of iodine in thyroid can lead to swelling of the thyroid
Hypothyroidism
: under-active thyroid can cause cause fatigue, weakness, weight gain, or difficulty losing weight
Diabetes mellitus(Type 1 diabetes)
: beta cells don't make insulin leading to blood sugar being too high
Type 2 diabetes
: Body produces insulin, but the cells do not respond to it, eventually insulin production decreases, and 80% of people with this form are overweight
Cushing's Disease
: When too much cortisol is in your body for a prolonged period of time