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english key knowledge (literature (paper 2 (poetry (terms (stanza (a set…

- - - - terms
        
        setting
        
        where the scene is set
        
        stage directions
        
        these give actors information about how to perform a line
        
        dramatic irony
        
        when the audience knows more than the characters which creates drama
        
        juxtaposition
        
        when two acts are laced together to highlight the contrast of ideas or show differences
        
        dialogue
        
        speech between characters
        
        motif
        
        dominant or repeated symbols throughout the play which convey important messages or themes
        
        monologue
        
        speech by one character sometimes heard by other characters sand sometimes just for the audience to hear but not always
        
        prologue
        
        a playwright may choose to use a prologue to provide background information, introduce new themes and create tension throughout the play
      - themes
        
        social class
        
        margaret thatcher was in power when russell wrote the play and there was high unemployment in cities like liverpool
        
        mickeys family represent the middle class who thrived in the 1980's
        
        mickey and edward are able to overcome their differences when they're young, but this gets harder when they are older
        
        when mickey discovers the truth, he is jealous of the opportunities that edward had
        
        the johnstones and lyons represent different social classes
        
        due to their separation, the twins have very different lives
        
        superstition and fate
        
        mickey and edward's death is shown to be inevitable from the opening scene, making the superstition mrs lyons tells mrs johnstone about the twins come true
        
        the narrator reinforces the idea of fate throughout the play
        
        russell links destiny to social class to make the audience question who had more power over the characters lives
        
        nature vs nurture
        
        what shapes as as human beings?
        
        our biology and ancestry or our upbringing and environment
        
        violence
        
        violence is present throughout the play, becoming more and more serious as it develops
        
        sammy starts off playing with toy guns, but moves on to threatening a bus conductor with a knife and the committing an armed robbery
        
        mickey looks up to sammy and is drawn into the violence as he gets more desperate due to his unemployment
        
        mickey and mrs lyons become violent when they feel despairing or that they have lost control over their lives
      - characters
        
        mickey
        
        lively and friendly
        
        looks up to older brother sammy
        
        shy
        
        takes a long time to ask linda out on a date
        
        as an adult his energy and positivity are destroyed by his experience of unemployment
        
        at the end of the play he is bitter about the differences in the life that he has led in comparison to edwards
        
        edward
        
        friendly and generous
        
        offers mickey sweets when he first meets him
        
        mrs lyons is over-protective and edward is envious of mickeys more relaxed childhood, admiring mrs johnstone as a mother figure
        
        he tries to persuade mickey to tell linda that he loves her
        
        he is impulsive
        
        has an affair with linda
        
        he does not seem able to empathise with mickeys life
        
        mrs johnstone
        
        25 years old at the start of the play
        
        has seven children
        
        strong
        
        generous
        
        wants the best for her family
        
        uneducated
        
        fatalistic attitude
        
        mrs lyons takes advantage of
        
        poor
        
        trapped by poverty
        
        moves out of city
        
        gains confidence in herself
        
        doesn't allow mrs lyons to manipulate her anymore
        
        mrs lyons
        
        lonely housewife
        
        cold
        
        unaffectionate
        
        unable to have children
        
        persuades mrs johnstone to let her have one of her twins
        
        over-protective of eddie
        
        attacks mrs johnstone
        
        tells mickey about edward and lindas affair
        
        leads to everyone's downfall
        
        linda
        
        kind
        
        compassionate
        
        joins mickey and edward
        
        games
        
        plays tricks
        
        supportive of mickey
        
        helps him give up drugs
        
        feels imprisoned
        
        working class housewife
        
        has an affair with edward
    - - terms
        
        stanza
        
        a set of two lines in a poem divided by an indent or line
        
        rhyme
        
        words with similar endings
        
        rhythm
        
        the stresses and number of syllables in a word or line
        
        sonnet
        
        a 14 line poem usually about courtly love
        
        dramatic monologue
        
        a long speech by one character
        
        enjambment
        
        a run-on lines to change the pace or rhythm of a poem
        
        caesura
        
        a pause in a line of a poem to change the rhythm
        
        personification
        
        attaching human characteristics to a non-human object
      - remains
        
        subject
        
        soldiers experience
        
        war zone
        
        how it affects his life when he returns home
        
        shot someone who may have not been armed
        
        thinks about the shooting every time he walks down the street
        
        the memory haunts the speaker
        
        themes
        
        guilt
        
        haunted by the guilt of taking another mans life
        
        conflict
        
        acting under orders
        
        engaged in combat in another country
        
        life and death
        
        looter is killed bu rounds of bullets sent by the soldiers
        
        structure
        
        eight stanzas
        
        first seven have four lines each
        
        final stanza has only two lines
        
        dramatic monologue
        
        language
        
        anecdotal
        
        uses slang
        
        graphic imagery
        
        context
        
        refers to modern warfare
        
        interviews veterans of the gulf war
        
        reflects soldiers experience in the gulf war
      - tissue
        
        subject
        
        explores various uses of paper
        
        how something as fragile as paper can altar things
        
        religious books
        
        significance
        
        maps
        
        receipts
        
        architect drawings
        
        compares paper to skin
        
        themes
        
        power
        
        power of paper
        
        change things
        
        record memories
        
        instability
        
        at the mercy of greater forces
        
        human essence
        
        the fleeting nature of building structures
        
        structure
        
        irregular
        
        fragile
        
        one line in last stanza
        
        lacks rhyme
        
        irregular rhythm
        
        language
        
        imagery
        
        light
        
        paper is good
        
        context
        
        contemporary poet
        
        born in pakistan
        
        grew up in scotland
        
        written five collections of poems
        
        themes
        
        identity
        
        role of women in contemporary society
        
        the search for meaning
        
        draws on multi-cultural experience
        
        shunned
        
        neighbours
        
        wife
        
        children
      - kamikaze
        
        subject
        
        japanese fighter pilot who were sent on suicide missions in which they crashed their warplanes into enemy ships
        
        testimony of a kamikaze pilots daughter
        
        the moment the pilot aborts the mission
        
        examines how the decision was made
        
        themes
        
        honour
        
        the way a community places value on honour and duty above human life
        
        whether or not the pilot is being judged too harshly
        
        reflect on the practice of suicide missions in war
        
        family life
        
        how war affects families
        
        how the pilot was treated by his loved ones
        
        structure
        
        narrative poem
        
        sections of first person narrative
        
        three full sentences
        
        shifts of speaker
        
        language
        
        ordinary
        
        conceals striking images
        
        context
        
        recounts story told by someone else
        
        immense social pressure
        
        consequences of suicide missions for families
        
        modern world
        
        past conflicts
      - exposure
        
        subject
        
        extreme conditions in the trenches
        
        trench warfare
        
        trauma
        
        brutal struggles
        
        dispair
        
        a situation he was part of
        
        our
        
        we
        
        refers to soldiers experiences
        
        exposes conditions of war
        
        themes
        
        war
        
        "my theme is war and the pity of war"
        
        conditions in the trenches
        
        weather
        
        harsh
        
        deadly
        
        weather
        
        freezing conditions
        
        as dangerous as the enemy
        
        fighting two battles at once
        
        despair
        
        the men lose faith
        
        what they're doing
        
        why they're there
        
        death seems inevitable
        
        "for love of god seems dying"
        
        structure
        
        eight stanzas
        
        first four lines of each stanza
        
        abba
        
        unchanging nature of life in the trenches
        
        last line of each stanza
        
        shorter
        
        indented
        
        language
        
        uses half rhymes
        
        unsettles reader
        
        echoes experience of war
        
        context
        
        world war one 1914-1918
        
        trenches across france and belgium
        
        used poetry to inform britain about the horrors of war
      - the emigree
        
        subject
        
        a displaced person
        
        home city
        
        dictatorial government
        
        banned the speakers language
        
        childhood memories
        
        themes
        
        exile
        
        exiled from unknown city that they cannot return
        
        news reports
        
        words associated with tv news bulletins used
        
        "worst news"
        
        "at war"
        
        "tyrants"
        
        "rolls its tanks"
        
        "banned by the state"
        
        light and shade
        
        idealised past