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The Apartheid Laws (LAW & ORDER (The Pass Laws (1952 (This law…

- - - - This law required black South Africans over the age of 16 to carry a pass book, known as a dompas, everywhere and at all times. The dompas included their fingerprints, photograph, personal details of emplyment, permission from the government to be in a particular part of the country, qualificiations to work or seek work in the area, and an employer’s reports on worker performance and behavior.
  - - - Empowered the government to declare states of emergency and increased penalties for protesters. The penalties included fines, imprisonment and whippings.
        
        In 1960, a group of blacks refused to carry their passes in Sharpeville:
        
        The government declared a state of emergency
        
        The emergency lasted for 156 days, leaving 69 people dead and 187 wounded
  - - - Permitted the removal of blacks from any area within and next to the magisterial district of Johannesburg by the South African government.
        
        Example: from Sophiatown to Meadowlans
  - - - This made 'the unauthorized reporting of conditions in prisons illegal'.
  - - - This act widened the definition of sabotage to include strikes, trade union activity and writing slogans on walls.
        
        The maximum penalty was hanging and the minimum five years' imprisonment.
  - - - This law introduced whipping and up to five years' imprisonment for minor offences if the law was broken for political reasons. Imprisonment and whipping were automatically imposed for second and subsequent offences.
- - - - Required that every person be classified within a hierarchy specified as white, colored (mixed race), Asian or Bantu (black African). The political, civil, economic and social rights available to each group decreased according to their race.
  - - - Enforced the segregation of all public facilities. Its aim was to eliminate any and all contact between white people and other races.Signs were erected indicating areas that were for “Europeans Only” or “Non-Europeans Only”.
  - - - Provided an inferior and separate education for black children and youth. Its objective was to direct young black people into lower level jobs.
        
        H.F. Verwoerd, they key architect of apartheid, said that “The Natives will be taught from childhood to realize that equality with Europeans is not for them. There is no place for the Bantu child above the level of certain forms of labor”.
  - - - Restricts residence rights. Designed to restrict the flow of workers in town.
- - - - Formally divided South Africa up into territories where the different race group had to live. The areas designated for the Blacks were called Bantustans.
        
        Blacks had no property rights in the White areas and could only live there with state permission.
        
        In an attempt to clean out 'Black Spots' 3.5 million people were forced to leave their homes under this act between 1951 and 1986
  - - - This act prohibited marriages between 'Europeans' and 'non-Europeans'. Enforcement of the act was left to police, who often followed people to their homes to ensure they were not in violation and raided the homes of those believed to be in a mixed marriage.
        
        The punishment of those found to be guilty involved arrest and a jail sentence.
  - - - This act was an extension of the immorality act of 1927, forbidding intercourse between whites and non-whites. The maximum penalty for this offence is seven years' imprisonment.
  - - - This act provided that: no foreign born Indian woman married to an Indian resident in South Africa, would be allowed entrance into South Africa nor would the children of a marriage made after that date.
- - - - Banned the Communist Party of South Africa and proscribed any party of group subscribing to communism
  - - - Divided territories designated for blacks into “bantustans” (or “homelands”) based upon 10 tribal groupings.
  - - - Removed all non-whites from voting rolls - even against the Supreme Court
  - - - Banned freedom of association - Sought to prevent racial groups from collaborating with each other for a political purpose.
- - - - This act prohibited strike action by non-whites. The law meant that black Africans had no real way of resisting the demands of their employer. Fine of £500 / 3 years imprisonment.
  - - - Unions cannot be mixed race, white only
      - The act prohibited strikes in 'essential industries' for both black and white workers and banned political affiliations for unions.